地球化学平衡的理论和计算

本文系统地回顾了多相组分化学平衡的理论基础和计算方法，重点分析了当今流行的平衡常数法和自由能量小法的异同，证明了这些方法在原则上的同一性同时也证明了反应平衡常数和物种自由能之间的可互换怀，并指出了互换的方法。     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crop soils amended with oily sludge

Oil fields present a potential ecological risk to nearby farmland soil. Here we present a new method designed to evaluate the ability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to contribute to the dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are priority pollutants in soils contaminated by oily sludge. The influence of different doses of oily sludge on the dissipation of PAHs was studied along with individual PAH profiles in soils after different periods of plant growth. Five soil samples were artificially contaminated with different percentages of oily sludge (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %). Winter wheat grew in the oily sludge–amended soils for 265 days. PAH content in the soils was monitored over the course of the study. The rate of PAH dissipation is related to the properties of different PAHs, period of winter wheat growth, and oily sludge application dose. Analysis for treated soils indicates that the dissipation of PAHs increased significantly over the first 212 days, followed by minimal changes over the final 53 days of treatment. In contrast, PAH dissipation slowed with increasing oily sludge application. For each PAH, the experimental results showed a significant compound-dependent trend. Winter wheat in the present study significantly enhanced the dissipation of PAHs in oily sludge–contaminated soil.     

Water quality assessment by pollution-index method in the coastal waters of Hebei Province in western Bohai Sea, China

Sources of pollution discharges and water quality samples at 27 stations in 2006 in the coastal waters of Hebei Province, western Bohai Sea, have been analyzed in this study. Pollutant loads from industrial sewages have shown stronger impact on the water environment than those from the general sewages. Analysis indicates that pollution of COD is mainly resulted from land-based point pollutant sources. For phosphate concentration, non-point source pollution from coastal ocean (fishing and harbor areas) plays an important role. To assess the water quality conditions, Organic Pollution Index and Eutrophication Index have been used to quantify the level of water pollution and eutrophication conditions. Results show that pollution was much heavier in the dry season than flood season in 2006. Based on COD and phosphate concentrations, results show that waters near Shahe River, Douhe River, Yanghe River, and Luanhe River were heavily polluted. Water quality in the Qinhuangdao area was better than those in the Tangshan and Cangzhou areas.     

大别造山带南坡晚白垩世玄武岩源区地幔特征

大别造山带南坡中生代断陷盆地中出露大量晚白垩世碱性玄武岩类。因岩浆受结晶分异和陆壳混染影响微弱,其成分基本可代表本区原生玄武岩浆。在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,本区玄武岩具有地壳富集组分Pb、K、Rb、Ba等的正异常和Nb、P、Hf等高场强元素的负异常。同位素和微量元素特征显示,玄武岩浆来自亏损地幔(DM)和富集地幔(EM+EM)混合源区。玄武岩源区地幔中Pb的富集和Nb、P、Hf等的亏损基本可由中国东部亏损地幔与榴辉岩的混合获得,由此揭示富集地幔端元组成特征可能与晚白垩世前造山带根部榴辉岩拆沉并参与地幔再循环有关。     

四川彭县铜矿岩石地球化学特征及成矿环境探讨

通过对白水河群马松岭组主要变质火山岩地球化学特征的研究，探讨了该组形成的大地构造环境。证据表明，马松岭组及其所赋存的铜矿床均为会聚性板块边界古火山岛弧的产物。     

广西石炭纪四射珊瑚的地理分布及组合特征

本文简要介绍了广西石炭纪四射珊瑚的地理分区、组合和地层分布概况。认为广西石炭纪四射珊瑚群落的构成和分布受沉积相和生物地理分区的双重控制。四射珊瑚的分布大致以右江断裂带为界。可分为两个大区,东北部区的珊瑚群由下到上可划分为7个组合带,西南部区可分为6个组合带。文章还提出造成广西早石炭世珊瑚群分布差异的原因是右江断裂带的控相作用。     

岩浆中心成矿系——岩浆岩体和矿床组合的空间分带理想模式

系统总结和分析了当前大量热液金属矿床与岩浆岩体的空间和成因关系,参考首先由俄罗斯地球化学家提出的以矿床为中心的元素地球化学理想分带模式,提出了以岩浆岩为中心的矿床理想分布模式--“岩浆中心成矿系”。该模式以侵入近地表含水围岩的岩浆岩体顶部为中心,一个完整的高温矿床→中温矿床→低温矿床从内带-过渡带-中带-外带有规律分布。内带主要为Nb、Ta、Hf、Li等经常在岩浆岩体内生成的矿床,形态受岩浆岩体控制,多为等轴状;过渡带为W、Sn、Mo、Bi等高温热液矿床,形态以三维等轴状为主;中带为Cu、Pb、Zn等中温矿床,以透镜状、脉状为主;外带为Au、Hg、Sb等低温矿床,矿体呈脉状、串珠状,受构造线控制,顺从构造线分布。矿床系列围绕岩浆中心成矿有独特的形成过程：岩浆岩侵入含水围岩后,形成局部高温度场并导致热液和矿床物质循环和温度场内的时空温度差是岩浆中心成矿系形成的关键。在理想模式下产生的个体(岩体矿床组合体）同时受到形成条件的影响：岩浆体侵入的深度、围岩的岩性或含水性,岩浆的物理化学性质、侵入温度、岩浆规模都会导致岩浆中心成矿系的完整性和形态等变异。     

浙江南部近海沉积物柱状样中脂类生物标志物的组成及形态分布

湖泊沉积物中直链脂肪族化合物(MCCs)对气候变化响应敏感,环境条件的变化可促使MCCs在游离态和结合态间发生转化,是古气候重建的重要生物标志物。以往研究中对样品前处理通常采用混合溶剂提取法得到MCCs游离态组分,而以化学键合、物理吸附等形式赋存的结合态组分无法通过溶剂提取,不能获取结合态组分特征对气候环境变化的指示信息。本文将热裂解这一有机质高效分解技术与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用,实现了对内蒙古伊和沙日乌苏湖泊沉积物有机质组成的精细刻画,并识别、分析了共计3类、71项结合态MCCs化合物。结果表明：热解温度是影响热裂解-气相色谱-质谱(Py-GC/MS)分析沉积物样品中结合态MCCs分布特征的主要因素,450℃以下热解能量较低导致结合态MCCs解析不充分,550℃和650℃下各类结合态MCCs(含正构烷烃、正构烯烃及α-正构脂肪酮)充分解析,可经GC-MS实现在线分离、识别;随着热解温度升高,裂解产物中MCCs平均链长趋于降低,过高的裂解能量影响了产物中MCCs化合物链长特征对气候变化指示的敏感性。经研究各类MCCs分布特征发现,550℃下正构烷烃平均链长特征与传统气候替代指标游离态正构烷烃单体碳同位素δ¹³C_27~33具有较好的相关性(R=0.83)。结合态正构烷烃ACL_25~31指标响应了区域有效降水变化特征,识别了区域内5.6ka、3.9ka前后的干旱期,反映了东亚夏季风强度变化,对应了北半球中纬度有效降水变化。

     

Geomorphological-geological-geophysical signatures of high-flux fluid flows in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin and effects on gas hydrate accumulation

Marine hydrate reservoirs can be divided into focused high-flux and distributed low-flux gas hydrate systems according to free gas migration control mechanisms. In focused high-flux hydrate reservoirs, fluids easily break through the pressure of overlying sediments and reach the shallows, creating a series of geomorphological-geological-geophysical anomalies at and near the seafloor. Based on detailed interpretation of pre-drilling data in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), many anomalies related to the high-flux fluid flow are found, including seafloor mounds with intrusive characteristics, bright spot reflections above the bottom-stimulating reflector (BSR), phase reversals in the superficial layer, and an efficient fluid migration and accumulation system composed of fractures and uplifts. The second hydrate drilling expedition was carried out in the eastern PRMB in 2013 to study these anomalies. The acquired data show that high-flux fluid flow occurred in these sites. Gas hydrate pingoes, bright spot reflection above the BSR, and an efficient fluid migration and accumulation system can be used as identification signatures for high-flux fluid migration. The modes of high flux fluid flow are different in deep and shallow sediments during upward migration of fluid. Gas dissolved within migrating water dominates deep fluid migration and upward migration of a separate gas phase dominates the shallow process. This difference in migration models leads to formation of upper and lower concentrated hydrate reservoirs in the drilling area. The discovery of signatures of high-flux fluid flow and their migration modes will help with site selection and reduce risk in gas hydrate drilling.     

桂西晚古生代海相玄武岩的特征及其形成环境

广西西部广泛分布的基性岩,过去被认为是侵入的辉绿岩,晚古生代的基性熔岩只在泥盆系和下石炭统中零星分布,呈夹层产出,厚度不大。根据近年的野外工作,我们已经指出这些基性岩实际上是与晚古生代深水沉积共生的海相玄武岩,而不是象过去认为的大陆裂谷型玄武岩。玄武岩样品的地球化学分析结果表明,它们形成大洋板内构造背景,这证实了对古特提斯东延的设想,并有必要重新认识广西晚古生代地质演化的历史