Summary The Arabian Sea region (4° N–20° N to 50° E–78° E) has a unique weather pattern on account of the Indian monsoon and the associated
winds that reverse direction seasonally. The aerosol data, collected using ship-borne and island platforms (for 8 years from
1995 to 2002) along with MODIS (onboard TERRA satellite) data (from 2000 to 2003) have been used to evolve a comprehensive
characterisation of the spatial and temporal variation in the physical, chemical, and radiative properties of aerosols over
the Arabian Sea. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) was found to increase with latitude between the equator and 12° N. Over the
northern Arabian Sea (regions lying north of 12° N), AODs do not show significant latitudinal variations; the average aerosol
optical depth for this region was 0.29±0.12 during winter monsoon season (WMS; November to March) and 0.47±0.14 during summer
monsoon season (SMS; April/May to September). The corresponding Angstrom exponents were 0.7±0.12 and 0.3±0.08, respectively.
The low values of the exponent during SMS indicate the dominance of large aerosols (mainly dust particles >1 μm). The latitudinal
gradient in AOD in the southern Arabian Sea is larger during SMS compared to WMS.
The size distribution of aerosols shows two well-defined modes, one in the accumulation size regime and the other in the coarse
size regime. During WMS, a third mode (nucleation) also appears in the sub micron range below ∼0.1 μm. The single scattering
albedo does not show significant seasonal variations (remains within ∼0.93 to 0.98 through out the year). During WMS (SMS),
top of the atmosphere diurnally averaged aerosol forcing remains around −6.1 (−14.3)W m−2 over the northern Arabian Sea up to around 12° N and decreases southwards till it attains a value of −3.8 (−3.4)W m−2 at the equator. The surface forcing remains around −16.2(−15.2)W m−2 over the northern Arabian Sea up to 12° N and decreases southwards to a value of −5.5 (−3.5)W m−2 at the equator. Over the north Arabian Sea, instantaneous forcing (flux change) at the surface can be as high as −50 W m−2. The instantaneous forcing decreases with latitude in the southern Arabian Sea at a rate of ∼3 W m−2deg−1. 相似文献
ABSTRACTThis paper presents the effectiveness of xanthan gum (XG) biopolymer in stabilising the expansive soil. The XG biopolymer is mixed with expansive soil in different proportions such as 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.0% by weight of the dry soil mass. The plasticity, compaction, swelling, compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, strength and durability characteristics of the treated and un-treated expansive soil are examined. Results show that the plasticity index of the treated soil mass initially increases but beyond 0.5% biopolymer addition it decreases sharply. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of treated soil, found out from light and heavy compaction tests, do not follow any definite trend. It is also found that increasing XG content increases compressibility slightly but, it reduces swelling pressure, differential free swelling value and hydraulic conductivity remarkably. On the other hand, time-dependent compressive strength and resistance to mass loss increases with increasing XG content. Microscopic examination confirms the formation of gel-like linkage, which brings about the modifications in the treated expansive soil. 相似文献
H2 photoproduction and nitrogenase activities in two strains ofAnabaena variabilis marked wild type ATCC 29413 and mutant PK84 exposed to thermal stress (temperature higher than the normal incubation temperature of 30°C) were studied. Cultures of both strains collected from any interval of logarithmic growth phase exhibited high H2 photoproduction and nitrogenase activities when exposed to limited time heat shock during the assay process. In contrast, the algal H2 photoproduction rate of both strains fluctuated with long term thermal stress caused by increasing the growth temperature from 30°C to 36°C.
The changes of nitrogenase (the key H2 photobiosynthetic enzyme) activities in the mutant PK84 showed variation tendency similar to that of H2 photoproduction during exposure to thermal stress, indicating that fluctuation of H2 photoproduction in the mutant was mainly due to the variation of nitrogenase activities. A temporary maximal H2 photoproduction in the mutant PK84 (wild type ATCC29413) was observed when cells grew at 36°C for 14 (6) days. However, the responses of nitrogenase activities in the wild type to thermal stress were not completely similar to those in the mutant in spite of similar variations of H2 photoproduction in both strains. The data obtained in these studies suggested that the activities of other enzymes (in the wild strain) involved in H2 photoproduction were affected by thermal stress since H2 photoproduction maximized or dropped to 0 without variation tendency similar to that of nitrogenase activities.
Furthermore, an enhancement of H2 photoproduction speed of the mutant strain cultured in a 4.4 L laboratory photobioreactor was also observed when it was subjected to short time continuous charge of argon, and temperature rise.
All these results indicated that high temperature plays an important role in the photo-autotrophic H2 photoproduction, and that long term thermal stress is unfavourable for net H2 photoproduction in both strains ofA. variabilis though short-time heat shock is conducive to H2 photoproduction.
two-dimensional time dependent model of the stratosphere incorporating the major interactions between radiative-photochemical and dynamical processes is described. The main prognostic equations considered are the thermodynamic equation and the general conservation equation for the minor chemical constituents representing the odd oxygen (Ox=O+('D)+O3), odd hydrogen (HOx=HO+HO2), N2O, odd nitrogen (NOx=NO+NO2+HNO3), CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and odd chlorine (Clx=Cl+ClO+HCl). The zonal wind and mean meridional circulations are determined diagnostically by the integration of the thermal wind equation and the stream function equation in the meridional plane espectively. The large scale eddy processes are parameterized in terms of zonal mean quantities using the generalized diffusion formulation on a sloping surface. The radiative heating and cooling and the hotochemical sources and sinks are incorporated in a form which allows for the major interactions among the minor trace constituents, temperature and mean circulation.Two integrations consisting of natural stratosphere and a stratosphere contaminated by the chlorofluoromethanes through lower boundary fluxes are carried out for 23 model years by changing the declination of the sun every day and using 6-hour time step. The model simulations of temperature, mean circulation, ozone, HOx, N2O and NOx in the meridional plane for the normal stratosphere, show satisfactory agreement with the available observations. Based on the results of second integration it is found that the injection of chlorofluoromethanes in the atmosphere at the estimated current production rates can lead to significant changes in the meridional distribution of ozone, temperature and NOx in the middle and upper stratosphere. The results also indicate that the percentage total ozone depletion increases from tropics to high latitudes and from summer to winter high latitudes. Also discussed are the results of additional experiments incorporating the reaction of HO2 with NO and the reactions involving ClNO3. 相似文献
The radial tidal current field accounts for the formation of the radial sand ridges in the South Yellow Sea. Understanding the formation and evolution of this radial tidal current field is vital to assessing the morphodynamic features in the area. A semi-enclosed rectangular basin with and without a coastal barrier was schematized from the topography of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. The 2D tidal current field in this basin was simulated using the DELFT3D-FLOW model. The concept of tidal wave refraction, which highlights the effect of the sloped or stepped submarine topography on the propagation of the tidal waves, was introduced to explain the formation of the radial tidal current field. Under the effect of tidal wave refraction, co-phase lines of the counterclockwise rotating tidal wave and incident tidal wave are transformed into clockwise and counterclockwise deflections, respectively, leading to the convergence and divergence of the flow field. Regardless of whether a coastal barrier exists or not, the outer radial tidal current field might emerge over certain topography. The responses of the radial tidal current field in this basin to the environmental variations such as coastline changes and bottom erosions were discussed. Results show that local protrusion near the focal point of the radial tidal current field will have limited effects on the location of the tidal system. However, a remarkable shift of the amphidromic point toward the entrance and central axis of this basin and a movement of the focal point of the radial tidal current field toward the entrance could be caused by the significant seaward coastline advance and submarine slope erosion. 相似文献
We present detailed science cases that a large fraction of the Indian AGN community is interested in pursuing with the upcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA). These interests range from understanding low luminosity active galactic nuclei in the nearby Universe to powerful radio galaxies at high redshifts. Important unresolved science questions in AGN physics are discussed. Ongoing low-frequency surveys with the SKA pathfinder telescope GMRT, are highlighted. 相似文献
Our purpose is to examine the formation of different sheaths in rotating astroplasmas embedded in an ambient magnetic field.
Sequel to our recent work (Das and Chakraborty in Astrophys. Space Sci., 2011) we remodeled our present study with the view to finding of robust sheath over the Earth’s Moon along with the formation
of dust clouds therein. Based on using the pseudopotential analysis, a modified Sagdeev potential equation has been derived,
which, in turns, quantifies the interaction of Coriolis force and magnetic field and to derive the different natures of sheath
and dust atmosphere. The application of this result to the input numeric data of the lunar environment and dynamical behaviors
of dust levitation has been studied. Our study finds that the dust particles having a spatial segregation within the sheath
region form dust clouds in spaces. 相似文献
Based on a recent communication by the present authors the question of energy dissipation in magnetohydrodynamical waves in an inflating background in general relativity is examined. It is found that the expanding background introduces a sort of dragging force on the propagating wave such that, unlike the Newtonian case, energy gets dissipated as it progresses. This loss in energy having no special-relativistic analogue is, however, not mechanical in nature as in case of an elastic wave. It is also found that the energy loss is model dependent and also depends on the number of dimensions. 相似文献