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191.
Vertical plant area density profiles of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) canopy at different growth stages (tillering, stem elongation, flowering, and ripening stages) were estimated using high-resolution portable scanning lidar based on the voxel-based canopy profiling method. The canopy was scanned three-dimensionally by laser beams emitted from several measuring points surrounding the canopy. At the ripening stage, the central azimuth angle was inclined about 23° to the row direction to avoid obstruction of the beam into the lower canopy by the upper part. Plant area density profiles were estimated, with root mean square errors of 0.28–0.79 m2 m?3 at each growth stage and of 0.45 m2 m?3 across all growth stages. Plant area index was also estimated, with absolute errors of 4.7%–7.7% at each growth stage and of 6.1% across all growth stages. Based on lidar-derived plant area density, the area of each type of organ (stem, leaves, ears) per unit ground area was related to the actual dry weight of each organ type, and regression equations were obtained. The standard errors of the equations were 4.1 g m?2 for ears and 26.6 g m?2 for stems and leaves. Based on these equations, the estimated total dry weight was from 63.3 to 279.4 g m?2 for ears and from 35.8 to 375.3 g m?2 for stems and leaves across the growth stages. Based on the estimated dry weight at ripening and the ratio of carbon to dry weight in wheat plants, the carbon stocks were 76.3 g C m?2 for grain, 225.0 g C m?2 for aboveground residue, and 301.3 g C m?2 for all aboveground organs. 相似文献
192.
Food sources of the pearl oyster in coastal ecosystems of Japan: Evidence from diet and stable isotope analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kayoko Fukumori Misa Oi Hideyuki Doi Noboru Okuda Hitomi Yamaguchi Michinobu Kuwae Hitoshi Miyasaka Kenji Yoshino Yoshitsugu Koizumi Koji Omori Hidetaka Takeoka 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
We estimated the composition of two food sources for the cultured pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii using stable isotopes and stomach content analysis in the coastal areas of the Uwa Sea, Japan. The δ13C values of oysters (−17.5 to −16.8‰) were intermediate between that of particulate organic matter (POM, −20.2 to −19.1‰) and attached microalgae on pearl cages (−13.0‰). An isotope mixing model suggested that oysters were consuming 78% POM (mainly phytoplankton) and 22% attached microalgae. The attached microalgal composition of the stomach content showed a strong resemblance to the composition of that estimated through the isotope mixing model, suggesting preferential utilization of specific components is unlikely in this species. These results indicate that P. fucata martensii feed on a mixture of phytoplankton and attached microalgae, and that the attached microalgae on pearl cages can serve as an important additional food source. 相似文献
193.
Iron, manganese and aluminum in upper waters of the western South Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hajime Obata Kiminori Shitashima Kenji Isshiki Eiichiro Nakayama 《Journal of Oceanography》2008,64(2):233-245
Total dissolvable iron, manganese and aluminum distributions in upper waters were determined in the western South Pacific,
Solomon Sea, Coral Sea, and Tasman Sea. In these oceanic regions, the surface aluminum distributions well reflect the atmospheric
deposition pattern of mineral dust in the western South Pacific reported previously. Surface manganese distributions derive
mainly from lateral transportation from the coastal sediments of western tropical islands. Compared to Mn and Al, the Fe distributions
reflect the nutrient cycle in upper waters. Iron limitation over the vast South Pacific, as revealed by physiological features
of phytoplankton, seems to be caused by low atmospheric dust deposition and low Fe:N ratios in deep waters. In the western
South Pacific, with its unique geographic and oceanographic settings, the local sources of trace metals might considerably
affect their biogeochemical cycles. 相似文献
194.
Kinya Hibino Toshisuke Kashiwagi Shoji Okuno Kaori Yajima Yukio Uchihori Hisashi Kitamura Takeshi Takashima Mamoru Yokota Kenji Yoshida 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,309(1-4):541-544
We have developed radiation detectors using the new synthetic diamonds. The diamond detector has an advantage for observations
of “low/medium” energy gamma rays as a Compton telescope. The primary advantage of the diamond detector can reduce the photoelectric
effect in the low energy range, which is background noise for tracking of the Compton recoil electron. A concept of the Diamond
Compton Telescope (DCT) consists of position sensitive layers of diamond-striped detector and calorimeter layer of CdTe detector.
The key part of the DCT is diamond-striped detectors with a higher positional resolution and a wider energy range from 10 keV
to 10 MeV. However, the diamond-striped detector is under development. We describe the performance of prototype diamond detector
and the design of a possible DCT evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations.
相似文献
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198.
David Black John Dyer Kenji Nishioka Jeffrey Scargle Charlie Sobeck Eugene Levy Robert McMillan Michael Castelaz George Gatewood Andrew Buffington 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1991,177(1-2):307-313
Summary The Astrometric Telescope Facility (ATF) proposed for use on NASA's planned Space Station is similar in form and data output to ground-based long focus astrometric instruments. With a focal plane scale of 12.7 arc seconds/mm, the strawman design has a field size of 10 arc min square and a limiting visual magnitude fainter than 16. Output from an observation includes the X and Y coordinates of each star and its relative brightness. The targeted precision for the AFT is 0.00001 arc seconds.Portions of the observing program will be made available to members of the astronomical community. 相似文献
199.
Kenji Satake Alexander B. Rabinovich Dale Dominey-Howes José C. Borrero 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(9-10):1361-1367
Eighteen papers on past and recent destructive tsunamis are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Historical and Recent Catastrophic Tsunamis in the World.” Three papers discuss deep-sea (DART) and coastal tsunami observations, warning systems and risk management in the Pacific Ocean. Four papers examine the 1755 Lisbon, 1964 Alaska, 2003 Algeria, and 2011 Haiti tsunamis. Four more papers, as well as some papers in Volume I, report on various aspects of the 2010 Chile tsunami. Two papers present some results of field survey and modelling investigation of the 2010 Mentawai, Indonesia, tsunami. Three papers report on modelling efforts of tsunami generation by earthquake and landslide, and of tsunami propagation. Finally, two papers discuss hazard assessment using a probabilistic approach. 相似文献
200.
Kazuhiro Tsukada Yuki Nakane Koshi Yamamoto Toshiyuki Kurihara Shigeru Otoh Kenji Kashiwagi Minjin Chuluun Sersmaa Gonchigdorj Manchuk Nuramkhaan Masakazu Niwa Tetsuya Tokiwa 《Island Arc》2013,22(2):227-241
We describe the mode of occurrence and geochemical characteristics of basalts, in the Khangai–Khentei belt in Mongolia, overlain by Middle Paleozoic radiolarian chert in an extensive accretionary complex. These basalts are greatly enriched in K, Ti, Fe, P, Rb, Ba, Th, and Nb in comparison to the composition of the mid‐ocean ridge basalts, indicative of within‐plate alkaline type. Ti/Y vs Nb/Y and MnO/TiO2/P2O5 ratios of the basalts also suggest within‐plate affinities. Considering the geochemical characteristics as well as the conformable relationship with the overlying radiolarian chert, the alkaline basalts were clearly not continental but formed a pelagic oceanic island. The mode of occurrence and geochemistry of the basalts show that the alkaline basaltic volcanic activity had taken place to form an oceanic island in the Paleozoic pelagic region sufficiently far from continents to allow radiolarian ooze accumulation. 相似文献