Manganese oxidation in pH and O2 microenvironments produced by phytoplankton

Pure cultures of Chlorella sp. catalyzed the oxidation of soluble Mn(II) to particulate, extracellular, manganic oxides. Manganese oxidation was dependent on photosynthetic activity: no oxidation was observed in the dark when cells were grown heterotrophically on glucose, or in the light when photosystem II was inhibited by the addition of DCMU. Manganates were not formed when media were buffered below pH 8.0, suggesting that an important driving force for manganese oxidation was the high pH resulting from photosynthesis. Field studies with minielectrodes in Oneida Lake, New York, demonstrated steep gradients of O2 and pH and the presence of particulate manganic oxides associated with pelagic aggregates of the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. The manganese oxidation reaction apparently occurs only when photosynthesizing algae are present as dense populations that can generate microenvironments of high (>9.0) pH, either as aggregates in the pelagic zone or concentrated cell cultures in the laboratory. A large-scale transition from soluble to particulate manganese was measured in the surface waters of Oneida Lake throughout summer 1986. Removal of Mn(II) was correlated with the presence of aggregate-forming cyanobacteria that oxidize Mn(II) by the mechanism described above.     

Acquisition and processing of data for isotope-ratio-monitoring mass spectrometry

Methods are described for continuous monitoring of signals required for precise analyses of 13C, 18O, and 15N in gas streams containing varying quantities of CO2 and N2. The quantitative resolution (i.e. maximum performance in the absence of random errors) of these methods is adequate for determination of isotope ratios with an uncertainty of one part in 10(5); the precision actually obtained is often better than one part in 10(4). This report describes data-processing operations including definition of beginning and ending points of chromatographic peaks and quantitation of background levels, allowance for effects of chromatographic separation of isotopically substituted species, integration of signals related to specific masses, correction for effects of mass discrimination, recognition of drifts in mass spectrometer performance, and calculation of isotopic delta values. Characteristics of a system allowing off-line revision of parameters used in data reduction are described and an algorithm for identification of background levels in complex chromatograms is outlined. Effects of imperfect chromatographic resolution are demonstrated and discussed and an approach to deconvolution of signals from coeluting substances described.     

北极海陆架和永冻区

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世界海洋水深图

世界洋底制图计划（GOMaP）是一个在采用多道回声化测深的基础上,准备和绘制详细水深图的大规模操作过程。与单道回声不同的是,它们能获得海底宽达185m地带的信息。据1999年美国海军的计算,如果只利用多道回声仪来完成深度超过500m的洋底制图计划,需耗资80～160亿美元和20-30a的时间。     

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杀人湖的威胁在增长

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近100年来里海土库曼湾沉积条件和生态学变化

作为形成于特提斯和东部亚特提斯海盆上的世界最大的内陆咸水湖里海 ,多年来已引起研究工作者极大的兴趣。里海东南部的海湾是研究最差的海区 ,对它的研究进行得最不正规和最不系统。对这个海湾产生兴趣是因为没有河流注入的这些海湾最完整地反映了里海盆地的海平面升降机制。本文对土库曼湾的沉积条件进行了研究 ,并在原有方法的基础上利用古生态资料 ,试图确定近百年来底栖生物群落的变化。沉积层的测年是在里海—亚速海盆外来种群剖面分布基础上进行的 ,而它们的进入时间为已知。对深达０．４５ｍ的表层沉积物采用了肉眼和镜下研究 ,然后…     

黑海西北部河口区底质的烃类

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