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91.
92.
Experimental evaluation of analytical and Lagrangian surface-layer flux footprint models 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
Three surface-layer flux footprint models have been evaluated with the results of an SF6 tracer release experiment specifically designed to test such models. They are a Lagrangian stochastic model, an analytical model, and a simplified derivative of the analytical model. Vertical SF6 fluxes were measured by eddy correlation at four distances downwind of a near-surface crosswind line source in an area of homogeneous sagebrush. The mean fluxes were calculated for 136 half-hour test periods and compared to the fluxes predicted by the footprint models. All three models gave similar predictions and good characterizations of the footprint over the stability range -0.01 < z
0/L < 0.005. The predictions of the three models were within the limits of the uncertainty of the experimental measurements in all but a few cases within this stability range. All three models are unconditionally recommended for determining the area defined by the footprint over short vegetative canopies in this range. They are also generally appropriate for estimating flux magnitudes within the limits of experimental uncertainties. Most of the mean differences observed between the measured and predicted fluxes at each of the four towers reflect a tendency for the measured fluxes to be greater than those predicted by the three models. Rigorous verification of the models in strongly stable conditions was complicated by the need to obtain very accurate measurements of small fluxes in only marginally stationary conditions. Verification in strongly unstable conditions was hampered by the limited number of appropriate data. 相似文献
93.
William M. Lamb 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1993,114(3):379-394
The Carthage-Colton Zone (CCZ), located in the northwestern portion of the Proterozoic Adirondack terrane, forms the boundary between the Adirondack lowlands and highlands and is characterized by textures indicative of ductile deformation. Samples from three rock types have been collected from this zone: (1) pyroxene bearing syenite gneisses of the Diana igneous complex; (2) paragneiss samples from near the northwestern boundary of the Diana complex; (3) a quartz-rich metasediment. Feldspar geothermometry performed on the Diana metasyenites shows that porphyroclasts are relict igneous grains that formed atT900° C, while dynamic recrystallization occurred at temperatures as low as 470 to 550° C as shown by the compositions of feldspar neoblasts. All samples examined in this study from the CCZ contain a suite of CO2-rich fluid inclusions that are distinctive both texturally and in their microthermometric behavior (Th=-27.7 to-7.1° C) as compared to CO2-rich Adirondack fluid inclusions that do not lie within this zone (Th=-45.9 to +31.0° C). The results from fluid inclusion microthermometry and feldspar geothermometry restrict the conditions of dynamic recrystallization to temperatures and pressures of 400 to 550° C and 3 to 5 kbar. The retrograde pressure-temperature path must pass through these conditions. Similar fluid inclusion results have been obtained from the Parry Sound Shear Zone (PSSZ) which is a Grenvillian shear zone that is located in Southern Ontario (Lamb and Moecher 1992). However, the inferred retrogradeP-T paths for these two areas, the CCZ and the PSSZ, are different and this difference may be a result of late deformation along shear zones that are located between the two areas. 相似文献
94.
Randal S. Martin Hal Westberg Eugene Allwine Lynne Ashman J. Carl Farmer Brian Lamb 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,13(1):1-32
Ambient concentrations of isoprene and several of its atmospheric oxidation productsmethacrolein, methylvinyl ketone, formaldehyde, formic acid, acetic acid, and pyruvic acid-were measured in a central Pennsylvania deciduous forest during the summer of 1988. Isoprene concentrations ranged from near zero at night to levels in excess of 30 ppbv during daylight hours. During fair weather periods, midday isoprene levels normally fell in the 5–10 ppbv range. Methacrolein and methylvinyl ketone levels ranged from less than 0.5 ppbv to greater than 3 ppbv with average midday concentrations in the 1 to 2 ppbv range. The diurnal behavior of formaldehyde paralleled that of isoprene with ambient concentrations lowest (1 ppbv) in the predawn hours and highest (>9.0 ppbv) during the afternoon. The organic acids peaked during the midday period with average ambient concentration of 2.5, 2.0, and 0.05 ppbv for formic, acetic, and pyruvic acid, respectively. These data indicate that oxygenated organics comprise a large fraction of the total volatile organic carbon containing species present in rural, forested regions of the eastern United States. Consequently, these compounds need to be included in photochemical models that attempt to simulate oxidant behavior and/or atmospheric acidity in these forested regions. 相似文献
95.
Edward T. Baker Richard A. Feely Michael R. Landry Marilyn Lamb 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(6):859-877
The weekly mass flux of C and phytoplankton pigments at five depths in the main basin of Puget Sound, a deep (200 m) fjordlike estuary, was sampled for a year with moored sequentially-sampling sediment traps. Flux measurements were compared with weekly samples of suspended pigments in the euphotic zone and bi-monthly samples of total suspended matter and particulate C throughout the water column at the mooring site.Seasonal changes in the total mass flux at all depths were small; instead, physical (river runoff, bottom resuspension) and biological (phytoplankton blooms) events caused occasional sharp increases on a weekly scale. The dry weight concentration of pigments in the trap samples mirrored the concentration of pigments in the euphotic zone suspended matter, increasing from 0·01% in winter to a maximum of 0·65% in late summer. Bloom-induced changes in the pigment concentration were observed almost simultaneously in the euphotic zone and in the traps to a depth of 160 m, indicating a rapid vertical transfer of surface-originating particles by organic aggregates. In contrast to the strong seasonal signal in the pigment concentration, C concentration varied by only a factor of three during the year.The seasonal trend of C/pigment ratios in the C flux arises from at least two sources: (1) a balance between terrestrial sources of C during the high-runoff winter season and in-situ primary production in spring and summer, and (2) cycling of C through the zooplankton population. Budget calculations suggest that the loss of primary-produced C and pigment from the euphotic zone by settling is 5% regardless of season. On an annual basis, this C flux (16 g m−2) is sufficient to support previously measured values of benthic aerobic respiration at the mooring site. To account for other C sinks such as burial, predation and chemical oxidation, however, terrestrial C sources and alternate transport pathways, such as vertical advection and sediment movement down the steep basin walls, are necessary. 相似文献
96.
Christopher L. Sabine Richard A. Feely Yutaka W. Watanabe Marilyn Lamb 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(1):5-15
The recent changes in the North Pacific uptake rate of carbon have been estimated using a number of different techniques over
the past decade. Recently, there has been a marked increase in the number of estimates being submitted for publication. Most
of these estimates can be grouped into one of five basic techniques: carbon time-series, non-carbon tracers, carbon tracers,
empirical relationships, and inverse calculations. Examples of each of these techniques as they have been applied in the North
Pacific are given and the estimates summarized. The results are divided into three categories: integrated water column uptake
rate estimates, mixed layer increases, and surface pCO2 increases. Most of the published values fall under the water column integrated uptake rate category. All of the estimates
varied by region and depth range of integration, but generally showed consistent patterns of increased uptake from the tropics
to the subtropics. The most disagreement between the methods was in the sub-arctic Pacific. Column integrated uptake rates
ranged from 0.25 to 1.3 mol m−2yr−1. The mixed layer uptake estimates were much more consistent, with values of 1.0–1.3 μmol kg−1yr−1 based on direct observations and multiple linear regression approaches. Surface pCO2 changes showed the most obvious regional variability (0.5–2.5 μatm yr−1) reflecting the sensitivity of these measurements to differences in the physical and biological forcing. The different techniques
used to evaluate the changes in North Pacific carbon distributions do not completely agree on the exact magnitude or spatial
and temporal patterns of carbon uptake rate. Additional research is necessary to resolve these issues and better constrain
the role of the North Pacific in the global carbon cycle.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
97.
98.
Vanessa Lamb 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(2):338-341
99.
100.
Florent Gimbert Brian M. Fuller Michael P. Lamb Victor C. Tsai Joel P. L. Johnson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):219-241
Recent advances in fluvial seismology have provided solid observational and theoretical evidence that near-river seismic ground motion may be used to monitor and quantify coarse sediment transport. However, inversions of sediment transport rates from seismic observations have not been fully tested against independent measurements, and thus have unknown but potentially large uncertainties. In the present study, we provide the first robust test of existing theory by conducting dedicated sediment transport experiments in a flume laboratory under fully turbulent and rough flow conditions. We monitor grain-scale physics with the use of ‘smart rocks’ that consist of accelerometers embedded into manufactured rocks, and we quantitatively link bedload mechanics and seismic observations under various prescribed flow and sediment transport conditions. From our grain-scale observations, we find that bedload grain hop times are widely distributed, with impacts being on average much more frequent than predicted by existing saltation models. Impact velocities are observed to be a linear function of average downstream cobble velocities, and both velocities show a bed-slope dependency that is not represented in existing saltation models. Incorporating these effects in an improved bedload-induced seismic noise model allows sediment flux to be inverted from seismic noise within a factor of two uncertainty. This result holds over nearly two orders of magnitude of prescribed sediment fluxes with different sediment sizes and channel-bed slopes, and particle–particle collisions observed at the highest investigated rates are found to have negligible effect on the generated seismic power. These results support the applicability of the seismic-inversion framework to mountain rivers, although further experiments remain to be conducted at sediment transport near transport capacity. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献