北黄海微表层细菌丰度与可培养细菌群落结构分析

为分析海洋微表层这一特殊生境中的细菌类群,于2010—2011年4个航次对北黄海微表层和次表层海水中的总菌丰度、可培养细菌丰度和群落结构进行了分析。采用流式细胞仪测定总菌丰度,平板计数法测定可培养细菌丰度,PCR-16SrDNA分析可培养细菌的群落结构。结果表明,调查海域微表层海水总菌均值为1.76×106 cell/mL,次表层海水总菌均值为1.07×106 cell/mL。可培养细菌丰度范围是1.00×102~1.70×106 CFU/mL,微表层和次表层可培养细菌所占总菌数量的百分比分别为13.05%和0.45%。微表层对总菌的富集因子(EF)均值为2.02,可培养细菌的EF均值为74.16。PCR-16SrDNA序列分析结果表明,该海域可培养细菌分属变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(94.34%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(1.89%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(1.89%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(1.89%)4个类群。本研究初步发现,微表层对细菌具有较强的聚集作用,尤其对可培养细菌聚集作用更为明显。微表层中可培养细菌的群落结构与次表层有所不同,其种类丰富,来源和功能多样。由此可见,微表层独特的生境成就了其独特的微生物类群,其生态功能有待于进一步研究。     

Design of sediment detention basins: Scaled model experiments and application

Sediment detention basins are implemented on mountain rivers to trap solid material that may aggravate the flooding of downstream settlements.However,retention structures built in the past may unnecessarily retain sediment during non-hazardous flood events,resulting in high maintenance costs and sediment deficit downstream.In addition,the so-called spontaneous self-flushing of previously retained sediment during floods has occasionally been observed.Recent research suggests to design sediment detention basins for controlling sediment passage with a guiding channel across the deposition area upstream of a hybrid barrier.Such barriers consist of a check dam with a slot orifice and an upstream bar screen with a bottom clearance in order to benefit from a combined mechanical-hydraulic retention control.The present paper enhances this pioneering research with the help of new experimental data,including a wide range of sediment mixtures and large wood,as well as variable barrier heights.Improved design criteria are provided regarding the bar screen and the basin storage capacity.The functionality of the enhanced concept for sediment detention is illustrated by a case study on a physical model:the protection of the Villard-Bonnot village(France)against torrential hazards.     

多元变化检测的相对辐射校正方法研究

基于多元变化检测的相对辐射校正方法通过阈值获取校正点,该方法的校正结果优于传统人工参与的校正方法。文章对方法中阈值选择以及自然景观特征等影响因素做了进一步研究,选择北京市平原区和山区的各2期TM影像作为数据源,运用均方根误差和变异系数2个统计特征参数比较和评价校正结果,结果表明:基于多元变化检测的相对辐射校正方法获得的结果有利于后续数据分析;不同阈值获得的校正结果没有明显差异;不同自然景观特征对该方法影响程度不同。     

基于大数据的生态景区天气产品研究

生态景区预报以精准对接个性化人群需求,能够预报出樱花、牡丹花、杜鹃花、荷花的盛开期,红叶的最佳观赏期,雪质的松软程度,避暑/避寒的舒适度指数外,还能够辅助出游人群,给出引导建议.近几年,北京市气象局就开始对樱花花期进行观测和预报;上海市气象局与上海市桃研所开展物候资料共享和研究;红叶最佳观赏期预报已经从图文内容延伸到各...     

The role of massive AGB stars in the early solar system composition

Abstract— We demonstrate that a massive asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star is a good candidate as the main source of short‐lived radionuclides in the early solar system. Recent identification of massive (4–8 M⊙) AGB stars in the galaxy, which are both lithium‐ and rubidium‐rich, demonstrates that these stars experience proton captures at the base of the convective envelope (hot bottom burning), together with high‐neutron density nucleosynthesis with ²²Ne as a neutron source in the He shell and efficient dredge‐up of the processed material. A model of a 6.5 M⊙ star of solar metallicity can simultaneously match the abundances of ²⁶Al, ⁴¹Ca, ⁶⁰Fe, and ¹⁰⁷Pd inferred to have been present in the solar nebula by using a dilution factor of 1 part of AGB material per 300 parts of original solar nebula material, and taking into account a time interval between injection of the short‐lived nuclides and consolidation of the first meteorites equal to 0.53 Myr. Such a polluting source does not overproduce ⁵³Mn, as supernova models do, and only marginally affects isotopic ratios of stable elements. It is usually argued that it is unlikely that the short‐lived radionuclides in the early solar system came from an AGB star because these stars are rarely found in star forming regions, however, we think that further interdisciplinary studies are needed to address the fundamental problem of the birth of our solar system.     

自动站与人工站相对湿度观测结果的差异及原因分析

相对湿度是大气探测中最重要的变量之一.只有正确的空气湿度记录序列才能揭示水汽在长期气候趋势监测方面所起的作用.自2000年以来,使用了几十年的相对湿度等常规气象要素的人工观测逐渐被自动观测所取代,为了了解两种观测仪器所测结果的差异,选取了全国17个具有代表性站点的观测数据并对其年平均差、标准差、日变化规律等进行了统计分析,然后根据自动观测与人工观测各自的优点和缺陷,将相对湿度数据按照气温和相对湿度大小分成了9类进行对比分析.研究发现,大多数站点的自动站与人工站相比较,两者之间有一定的"系统偏差",并且相对湿度的自动观测存在偏干的现象,年平均在3.5%左右,在相对湿润的地区,这一现象更明显;在相同的气温条件或相同的相对湿度条件下,高湿或高温情况下的对比差值均偏大.     

东疆地区蒸发量变化趋势及气象影响因子研究

对东疆地区1961-2001年小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其相关气象影响因子进行了分析,结果表明,东疆地区蒸发量呈显著下降趋势,蒸发量1970年代至1980年代初期的增多和1980年代中期至21世纪初的减少是突变现象;6种气象因子对蒸发的决定程度相对湿度>水汽压>气温>风速>日照时数>净地表辐射,风速与日照时数、相对湿度与水汽压、气温与水汽压、气温与相对湿度的协同作用对蒸发量的决定作用很大.相对湿度的显著增加是导致东疆地区蒸发量逐年减少的重要原因.