Comparison of volcanic rifts on La Palma and El Hierro, Canary Islands and the Island of Hawaii

The meso-scale (km) morphology of the well-studied volcanic rift zones on the Island of Hawaii is compared to the morphology of the lesser known rift zones of La Palma and El Hierro, Canary Islands. We find that there are both differences and similarities in their morphologic characteristics. In general, the rift zones on La Palma and El Hierro are shorter (a few tens of km in length) than those on Hawaii (ranging up to >100 km in length), perhaps reflecting both magma supply and composition. Many of the rift zones on Hawaii have well defined axial zones, both on-and offshore. In contrast, the rift zones on La Palma and El Hierro display various geometries ranging from linear ridges having smooth to irregular crests to structures with a broad fan-like morphology in plan view. The pronounced fanning may be a reflection of: 1) the stress field within the rift being insufficient to trap dikes within a narrow region, 2) dike injection and volcanism shifting laterally through time, 3) volcanoes building nearly one atop of another in the Canary Islands, superimposing the stress field of one structure on the other and thus yielding a more complex distribution of gravitational stresses, and 4) low rate of magma supply producing low magma pressures and thus randomly oriented dike injections. Irregularities and curvature along the axes of the rifts on La Palma and El Hierro may be a reflection of differences in the rate of magma production. Unlike the volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii there may be insufficient volumes of lavas erupted on La Palma and El Hierro to smooth out irregularities. The superposition of rifts from different volcanoes may also add to topographic irregularities in the Canary Islands, especially if eruption rates are low.     

受损结构余度评估的半概率方法

本文给出了一种结构系统余度的度量定义，基于结构系统机构化失效概念和相当可靠性指数。本文提出了对受损结构安全评做的半概率方法。所示算例表明了本方法的有效性。     

Water Flow, Trophic Depletion, and Benthic Macrofauna Impoverishment in a Submarine Cave from the Western Mediterranean

Abstract. Biotic zonation and severe impoverishment of benthic macrofauna are two of the most conspicuous features of submarine caves. The prevailing explanation assumes trophic depletion caused by reduction of water flow. However, no isolation of water was found in the studied Catalan submarine cave, even in the wall microlayer. Fluorescein diffusion was so fast that it was detectable everywhere in the cave already only a few minutes after the injection. The rate of dissolution of plaster spheres was even greater in the cave than in a nearby tunnel – without benthic macrofauna impoverishment – showing a considerable water flow. The oxygen concentration of water in dialysis bags placed at varying distances from the cave walls showed that no wall microlayer gradients were present.
Biochemical gradients did not indicate any decrease in food supply. Although photosynthetic pigment concentration generally decreased inside the cave, and although the gradients were not linear but formed different patterns throughout the cave, the BOD₅, the POM, the C:N ratio, the [³H]-thymidine incorporation rate, and the ETS activity were higher in the inner part of the cave. There was an accumulation of detritic material and bacteria in the inner parts that constitute a plausible food supply for benthic macrofauna.
If neither water motion nor food supply can be invoked, research into the causes of zonation and disappearence of benthic macrofauna is proposed to be carried out on biotic interactions and behavioural processes.     

Cenozoic tectonics on the Galicia margin,northwest Spain

Neogene tectonic activity (Betic Orogeny) along the southern plate boundary of Iberia, as it converged with Africa and the Alboran Plate was inserted between them, propagated along Iberia's west side as far north as Galicia, northwest Spain. As the activity propagated northward, it reactivated structures formed during the Paleozoic (Hercynian), the Early Cretaceous opening of the northern North Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay, and the Paleogene Pyrenean Orogeny when Iberia collided with Eurasia. Recent earthquakes indicate that this tectonism is still active today as far north as northwest Spain.     

杂色鲍人工育苗的初步研究

鲍是一类经济价值很高的海产软软体动物,也是我国海产药用生物的重要种类之一。鲍的足部相当发达,占体重40%左右;堪称海味之冠。鲍売又名石决明,是我国医药史上应用很早的药品,具有平肝明目的显著功效。 杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)在我国广东、福建、台湾都有分布,但数量不大；福建沿海主要分布于东山和平潭两地,漳浦、龙海、晋江近海也有,数量亦很少。杂色鲍对栖息环境有一定的选择能力,一般栖息于低潮区至水深20米左右,潮流畅通、水色清晰、海藻繁茂的岩礁地带;有淡水注入、透明度低的河口或泥沙质底则不适于鲍的生长,因而鲍的分布比较集中于某些特殊海区。 由于鲍的经济价值高,产鲍国家十分重视研究鲍的增殖。在这方面,日本的有关工作者做了较多的工作,他们已由自然采捕发展到蓄养、移殖以至近10年来的人工控制采苗和重要种的养殖。日本的村山(1935)研究了Haliotis gigantean的早期幼体发育过程,猪野(1953)研究了H. discus和H. sieboldii的增殖生物学,大场(1964)报告了H.diversicolor supertexta 的增殖基础,同年菊地对皱纹盘鮑H. discus hannai 的生活史及幼鲍的饲养也进行了研究。 我国过去对鲍的研究做的较少,1958年,沿海产鮑区渔民和有关研究机构曾经开展过鲍的人工育苗、移殖以及人工养殖试验,为进一步开展鲍的养殖工作积累了宝贵的经验。无产阶级文化大革命以来,在毛主席的革命路线指引下,鲍的研究工作有了新的进展。1970年6月,在福建省商业局、水产局和东山县革命委员会的领导下,在东山县开展了杂色鲍人工育苗和养殖试验,于1971年首次在国内培育出杂色鲍苗;1972-1973年进一步探索了杂色鲍的繁殖规律、生态习性,同时对辽宁产的皱纹盘鲍进行了南移和人工育苗的研究。本文即是这些研究工作中的一部分,其它部分今后将陆续发表。     

西沙群岛多毛类的初步研究

关于我国西沙群岛多毛类的研究，除一些零星记载外，迄今尚未见过任何报告。1956-1958年，中国科学院海洋研究所在西沙群岛进行调查时，在宣德群岛的永兴岛、赵述岛、北岛、石岛、中岛和永乐群岛的森屏摊、晋卿岛、琛航岛共采到多毛类标本140号,约420个标本，经过研究鉴定共计61种(有两种未定种)，其中有一新种，有43种在我国是首次记录。此外，在永兴岛用浮游生物网拖到吻沙蚕(未定种)Glycera sp.和微蚕 Nematonereis Unicornis(Grube)等8种的生殖期标本，截至目前还没有看到过关于微蚕等种的性生殖期的报告，对这些种生殖期性成熟标本，我们作了比较详细的描述。本文包括分类学描述和动物地理学初步分析两部分。     

Improved Arctic Ocean Mass Variability Inferred from Time-Variable Gravity with Constraints and Dual Leakage Correction

Abstract

The ocean mass variability inferred from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites mission is challenged by the stripes and the leakage across land-ocean boundary. The recently released GRACE mascons solutions are advanced by applying constraints that remove efficiently the stripes and dual leakage correction that restores the coastal ocean mass variability. Here we quantitatively evaluate the improvement in the Arctic Ocean mass variability by GRACE mascons. To do so, we compare the combination of GRACE solutions (including the mascons solutions and traditional spherical harmonic coefficients (SHCs) solutions) and the steric estimates against the altimeter observations. Our results suggest that mascons solutions produce stronger correlations compared to SHCs solutions, especially along the coastal zone, indicating the importance of the dual leakage correction. Stronger correlation is produced by the mascons over a small basin in the interior of the Arctic Ocean, suggesting that mascons solutions deliver better ocean mass variability than the SHCs solutions. Since the comparisons are carried out over two sub-basins, we conclude that mascons are able to provide better regional ocean mass variability that may have implications for regional sea level budget, in particular over the coastal zone.     

温盐环流稳定性以及年代际变率的研究进展

对近期国内外有关温盐环流的模拟研究作了综合评述,着重介绍温盐环流的稳定性、多平衡态及其转化以及年代际变率问题的研究进展。     

红树植物拟海桑钙调蛋白基因的克隆及分析

钙调蛋白（Calmodulin)是生物细胞内一种重要的调控蛋白，通过其与靶酶的相互作用控制细胞正常的生长和发育，作者以高抗盐红树植物海桑属拟海桑（Sonnera-tia paracasolaris)总DNA为模板，参考GenBank上植物钙调蛋白基因序列合成5′端和3′端引物，利用多聚酶链式反应（PCR）扩增了拟海桑钙调蛋白基因，与克隆载体pBsk( )重组，转化Escherichia coliDH5α得到重组克隆子，DNA序列分析表明，所得片段的编码区在核苷酸序列上与迄今已知的几种植物钙调蛋白基因有很高的同源惺 ，同源率在85%以上；与水稻、苹果，衣藻等相似，其基因编码区被一个位于第75位核苷酸之后的内含子所中断。