Progressive aqueous alteration of CM carbonaceous chondrites

CM chondrites are aqueously altered rocks that contain ∼9 wt% H₂O⁺ (i.e., indigenous water) bound in phyllosilicates; also present are clumps of serpentine-tochilinite intergrowths (previously called “poorly characterized phases” or PCP), pentlandite and Ni-bearing pyrrhotite. We studied 11 CM chondrites that span the known range from least altered to most altered. We used various petrologic properties (many previously identified) that provide information regarding the degree of aqueous alteration. There are no known unaltered or slightly altered CM chondrites (e.g., rocks containing numerous chondrules with primary igneous glass). Some CM properties result from processes associated with early and intermediate stages of the alteration sequence (i.e., hydration of matrix, alteration of chondrule glass, and production of large PCP clumps). Other petrologic properties reflect processes active throughout the alteration sequence; these include oxidation of metallic Fe-Ni, alteration of chondrule phenocrysts, changes in PCP composition (reflecting an increase in the phyllosilicate/sulfide ratio), and changes in carbonate mineralogy (reflecting the development of dolomite and complex carbonates at the expense of Ca carbonate).On the basis of these parameters, we propose a numerical alteration sequence for CM chondrites. Because there are no known CM samples that display only incipient alteration, the least altered sample was arbitrarily assigned to subtype 2.6. The most altered CM chondrites, currently classified CM1, are assigned to subtype 2.0. These highly altered rocks have essentially no mafic silicates; they contain chondrule pseudomorphs composed mainly of phyllosilicate. However, their bulk compositions are CM-like, and they are closer in texture to other C2 chondrites than to CI1 chondrites (which lack chondrule pseudomorphs). Using several diagnostic criteria, we assigned petrologic subtypes (±0.1) to every CM chondrite in our study: QUE 97990, CM2.6; Murchison, CM2.5; Kivesvaara, CM2.5; Murray, CM2.4/2.5; Y 791198, CM2.4; QUE 99355, CM2.3; Nogoya, CM2.2; Cold Bokkeveld, CM2.2; QUE 93005, CM2.1; LAP 02277, CM2.0; MET 01070, CM2.0.The proposed CM numerical alteration sequence improves upon the existing scheme of Browning et al. (1996) in that it does not require a complicated algorithm applied to electron-microprobe data to determine the average matrix phyllosilicate composition. The new sequence is more comprehensive and employs petrologic subtypes that are easier to use and remember than mineralogic alteration index values.New neutron-activation analyses of QUE 97990, QUE 93005, MET 01070, Murchison and Crescent, together with literature data, confirm the compositional uniformity of the CM group; different degrees of alteration among CM chondrites do not lead to resolvable bulk compositional differences. This suggests that the textural differences among individual CM chondrites reflect progressive alteration of similar hypothetical CM3.0 starting materials in different regions of the same parent body, with minimal aqueous transport of materials over appreciable (e.g., meters) distances.     

Mineralogical alteration and associated permeability changes induced by a high-pH plume: Modeling of a granite core infiltration experiment

Within the framework of the HPF project (Hyperalkaline Plume in Fractured Rock) at the Grimsel Test Site (Switzerland), a small scale core infiltration experiment was performed at the University of Bern. A high-pH solution was continuously injected, under a constant pressure gradient, into a cylindrical core of granite containing a fracture. This high-pH solution was a synthetic version of solutions characteristic of early stages in the degradation of cement. The interaction between the rock and the solutions was reflected by significant changes in the composition of the injected solution and a decrease in the permeability of the rock. Changes in the mineralogy and porosity of the fault gouge filling the fracture were only minor. One-dimensional reactive transport modeling, using a modified version of the GIMRT code, was used to interpret the results of the experiment. Dispersive and advective solute transport, mineral reaction kinetics and a coupling between porosity and permeability changes were taken into account. In order to obtain a reasonable agreement between models and experimental results, reactive surface areas of the order of 10⁵ m²/m³ rock had to be used. These values are much smaller than the values measured for the fault gouge filling the fracture, which are in the order of 10⁶–10⁷ m²/m³ rock. However, the results could be improved by adding a small fraction of fine grained mineral, which could explain the high initial peaks in Al and Si concentration. With the inclusion of this fine grained fraction, the initial surface areas in the model were within the range of the measured specific surface areas of the fault gouge. The fact that the decrease in permeability was significant despite the minor changes in mineralogy, suggests that permeability may be controlled by changes in the structure of the rock (pore geometries) rather than by only the bulk volumetric (porosity) changes.     

铝钒土中有效铝和活性硅的测定

《岩矿测试》杂志由中国地质学会岩矿测试专业委员会和国家地质实验测试中心共同主办,各省地勘局中心实验室协办,中国科学技术协会主管,反映分析测试技术的专业性科技期刊(ISSN 0254-5357,CODEN码YACEEK,国内统一刊号CN 11-2131/TD)。     

HPA—S高温高压消解铂族金属

铂族金属元素（Pt、Pd、Ir、Rh、Ru、Os）在很多重要的领域中被广泛地应用。如被用作汽车催化剂的基本组成元素，以控制车辆排气污染；在石油行业用作精炼催化剂，并且在各类材料工艺学以及珠宝行业大量被使用。     

纳米级微粒地球化学测量中异常重现性研究

纳米级微粒测量是寻找隐伏矿的新方法,选取实地模拟实验和在已知隐伏矿区,利用液态捕集剂和等离子体质谱分析测试样品,进行重复测量试验,研究结果表明,不同成矿元素,在地表形成异常的运移富集速率不同,其运移速率主要取决于纳米级微粒本身的地球化学性质,地下上升气流、断裂等裂隙有利于微粒的上升运移富集;纳米级微粒地球化学重复测量时,异常可具有良好的重现性,但异常重现较常规气体缓慢,通常需要2~3个月。     

四维变分方法反演低层风场能力研究

从新一代天气雷达径向速度资料中反演出可靠的三维风场对提高新一代天气雷达的应用水平有重要的作用，将雷达直接观测的径向速度转换成台站预报员更为熟悉的风场结构，对识别中小尺度信息有很大帮助。为此该文对4DVAR同化技术在风场业务反演中应用的可能性进行了探讨，利用广州、济南新一代多普勒天气雷达观测资料，从是否加入云模式湿过程以及迭代次数、计算时间、背景场、初始场、分辨率和反演区域等方面对干模式的4DVAR系统进行了讨论，并从风场结构、均方根差别等方面对反演结果进行分析。多种试验表明，干模式的4DVAR系统与湿的云模式反演结果差异不大。模式的初始场和背景场对反演结果具有较高的敏感性，利用前一时次的反演结果作为背景场迭代15～20次的干模式结果可以很好地在业务上试运行，对台站预报员提高中小尺度天气预报的准确率有着很重要的作用。     

Analysis of the impact of conservation measures on stream flow regime in catchments of the Loess Plateau,China

Catchments in the Loess Plateau have been under the influence of human activities for centuries. In the last four decades, soil conservation measures have accelerated and intensified. These measures were designed to reduce soil erosion, improve agricultural productivity, and enhance environmental quality. It is important to evaluate the effects of these measures on hydrology in order to develop sustainable catchment management plans in the region. This study evaluated changes in stream flow data for four selected catchments in the Loess Plateau following large‐scale soil conservation measures. The non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to identify trends in annual stream flow and the results showed significant downward trends in three of the four catchments. The Pettitt test indicated that a change point occurred in 1978 in these three catchments. Annual precipitation in all the catchments showed no significant trend during the period of record. Comparison of daily flow duration curves for two 20‐year periods (1957–1978) and (1979–2003) showed significant changes in stream flow regime. Reduction in most percentile flows varied between 20 and 45%, and the reduction in low flows was greatest. Overall, the reductions in daily flow were increasing with time, with significant changes occurring in the 1990s. However, it is not clear whether these catchments have seen the full effects of the soil conservation measures, so the results of this study might underestimate the final impact of soil conservation on stream flow regime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卫星遥感数字正射影像（RSDOM）局部变形的处理

在利用卫星遥感数字正射影像(RSDOM)进行数字线划地图(DLG)更新中,多源遥感影像经几何纠正、融合后存在局部变形,严重影响着后序的更新。结合生产实践,本文提出一些解决局部变形的方法。     

河北沿海海侵灾害初探

文中以包含海进、海岸侵蚀和海水入侵的广义“海侵”概念,论述河北沿海地区海侵现状及其危害,探讨海侵产生的自然原因和人为活动的影响,在此基础上,评估海侵发展趋势。