天津地区三次低涡暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用地面实况资料及NCEP再分析资料(1°×1°),选取2016年、2010年及2011年发生在天津市的3次强降水天气过程,分析其天气形势及水汽条件,并应用湿位涡理论对3次暴雨天气进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明:3次暴雨过程均发生在典型的东高西低的环流形势下,低空低涡是主要的影响系统之一。低涡的动力结构及水汽条件的差异对应不同的降水强度。正涡度区强度越强、维持时间越长,降水强度越大。2016年过程水汽通量散度明显强于另两次过程的,与其降水强度相匹配。湿位涡的时空演变可以很好地描述天津地区暴雨的发生发展。天津上空MPV_1负值区标志着不稳定能量的急剧增加,MPV_1负值区出现在降水发生前3 h至6 h,提前预示了天津地区暴雨天气的发生。MPV_1正值区对应强降水的区域。过程降水前MPV_2绝对值的激增,表明大气的斜压性增强,有利于气旋性涡度发展。MPV_2绝对值的激增基本同步于降水的发生。     

Comparative analysis of real-time precise point positioning zenith total delay estimates

The continuous evolution of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) meteorology has led to an increased use of associated observations for operational modern low-latency numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, which assimilate GNSS-derived zenith total delay (ZTD) estimates. The development of NWP models with faster assimilation cycles, e.g., 1-h assimilation cycle in the rapid update cycle NWP model, has increased the interest of the meteorological community toward sub-hour ZTD estimates. The suitability of real-time ZTD estimates obtained from three different precise point positioning software packages has been assessed by comparing them with the state-of-the-art IGS final troposphere product as well as collocated radiosonde (RS) observations. The ZTD estimates obtained by BNC2.7 show a mean bias of 0.21 cm, and those obtained by the G-Nut/Tefnut software library show a mean bias of 1.09 cm to the IGS final troposphere product. In comparison with the RS-based ZTD, the BNC2.7 solutions show mean biases between 1 and 2 cm, whereas the G-Nut/Tefnut solutions show mean biases between 2 and 3 cm with the RS-based ZTD, and the ambiguity float and ambiguity fixed solutions obtained by PPP-Wizard have mean biases between 6 and 7 cm with the references. The large biases in the time series from PPP-Wizard are due to the fact that this software has been developed for kinematic applications and hence does not apply receiver antenna eccentricity and phase center offset (PCO) corrections on the observations. Application of the eccentricity and PCO corrections to the a priori coordinates has resulted in a 66 % reduction of bias in the PPP-Wizard solutions. The biases are found to be stable over the whole period of the comparison, which are criteria (rather than the magnitude of the bias) for the suitability of ZTD estimates for use in NWP nowcasting. A millimeter-level impact on the ZTD estimates has also been observed in relation to ambiguity resolution. As a result of a comparison with the established user requirements for NWP nowcasting, it was found that both the G-Nut/Tefnut solutions and one of the BNC2.7 solutions meet the threshold requirements, whereas one of the BNC2.7 solution and both the PPP-Wizard solutions currently exceed this threshold.     

地球化学场分解的理论与方法

由于多期地质地球化学作用的相互叠加，地球化学场通常表现为复杂的叠加场。在叠加场内，元素组合的成因特征、变差函数的多级套合结构和多标度分形谱能有效地反映地质地球化学的多期性。相应地，用Ｒ型因子分析法、单变量因子克立格法和多标度分形谱便能有效地实现地球化学场的分解。     

Assessment of vertical TEC mapping functions for space-based GNSS observations

The mapping function is commonly used to convert slant to vertical total electron content (TEC) based on the assumption that the ionospheric electrons concentrate in a layer. The height of the layer is called ionospheric effective height (IEH) or shell height. The mapping function and IEH are generally well understood for ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations, but they are rarely studied for the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-based TEC conversion. This study is to examine the applicability of three mapping functions for LEO-based GNSS observations. Two IEH calculating methods, namely the centroid method based on the definition of the centroid and the integral method based on one half of the total integral, are discussed. It is found that the IEHs increase linearly with the orbit altitudes ranging from 400 to 1400 km. Model simulations are used to compare the vertical TEC converted by these mapping functions and the vertical TEC directly calculated by the model. Our results illustrate that the F&K (Foelsche and Kirchengast) geometric mapping function together with the IEH from the centroid method is more suitable for the LEO-based TEC conversion, though the thin layer model along with the IEH of the integral method is more appropriate for the ground-based vertical TEC retrieval.     

利用岩石化学成分判断二连盆地形成的沉积构造环境

二连盆地是海西期褶皱基底上发育起来的，为早白垩世断陷群。本文通过井下下白垩统巴花群４块砂岩、３块泥岩及１２块火山岩样品的镜下鉴定和化学成分测试及对比分析表明，早白垩世盆地形成的构造环境为受Ｉｚａｎａｇｉ板块向西俯冲的影响而形成的陆内裂谷，不同于渤海湾盆地早第三纪直接受太平洋板块俯冲作用而产生的主动大陆裂谷。     

FS-J1四分量净全辐射表在北极地区的性能评测

在全球变暖的背景下,全球的净全辐射监测越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐成为研究区域天气气候的重要手段。为了研究国产FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在极地条件下的各项性能,于2017年4月10—23日在美国阿拉斯加巴罗地区(203.5°E,71.4°N)进行了为期2周的地面净全辐射量实时监测,并与极地地区应用较广的CNR4型四分量净全辐射表进行对比测试。结果表明:(1)在表面无结冰/霜条件下,国产仪器FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在不同晴空和日夜条件下都表现出较好的精度和线性关系,各项参数与CNR4的相对误差和相关系数总体分别在5%以内和0.9以上。(2)受极地条件影响,FS-J1表面结冰/霜后,会对辐射变化的响应出现延迟,对总辐射表和地球辐射表分别能造成最大约25%和7%的相对误差。所以针对极地辐射站加设合适的通风加热装置、发展较为合理的误差订正方案仍是国产仪器以后需要改进的关键点。     

天津沿岸冷锋型温带风暴潮的客观分型研究

选取1956−2016年共126例天津沿岸风暴潮个例,基于统计资料研究其发生规律,并按照天气形势将之分类。冷锋型温带风暴潮个例占据全部风暴潮个例的60%以上,其平均每年发生1.28次,2013−2016年有明显增多的趋势。利用Lamb-Jenkinson(L-J)客观分型方法,对2003−2016年的冷锋型温带风暴潮个例进行客观分型,并计算5个环流指数。分型结果表明：除有1例无法归类外,其余均可进行客观分类。在全部分型的27类环流类型中,冷锋型温带风暴潮个例的环流主要集中在12类之中。其中反气旋混合偏东气流型、反气旋混合东北气流型、偏东气流型均发生较多次数,共占据了总数的58.8%。此3类出现次数多,产生的增水大,可认为冷锋型温带风暴潮个例依据客观分型再次细分为此3种主要类型。3种主要的客观环流类型80%集中出现在秋、冬季节。利用典型过程的海平面气压场进行对比分析,其客观分型结果可以对影响渤海的冷锋走向和冷高压中心位置进行区分。环流指数的强弱粗略的表示了风暴潮过程的强弱。客观环流类型和环流指数,可以为风暴潮个例对比分析提供客观依据。     

无法到达区动态定位方法研究

研究了在动态条件下对人员无法到达区目标定位的方法,分别研制了GPS激光测距定位系统和GPS近景信息采集系统。设计了水上动态实验,分析了两套系统的定位精度,验证了两套系统在动态测量模式下的可用性,提出了对人员无法到达区目标定位的新手段。     

Parallel viewshed analysis on a PC cluster system using triple-based irregular partition scheme

Using digital elevation models (DEMs), viewshed analysis algorithms determine the visibility of each point on the terrain at a given location in space. As a data-parallel algorithm, real-time viewshed analysis from grid DEM poses a practical challenge to personal computer (PC) users, particularly when dealing with higher resolution and accuracy of large terrain data. Therefore, this paper presents a universal domain decomposition algorithm based on an equal-area strategy for the parallel viewshed analysis on a PC cluster system. The approach uses a scan-line filling method for data partitioning of the irregular bounding polygon of the terrain. The terrain data are divided into sectors of the same area that are connected by the viewpoint and the region vertices, ignoring the null value (or NODATA) points. Furthermore, each sector is assigned to one processor and is organized in the form of triples composed of location and elevation at one point. An index of triples is built to store all of the locations of terminal vertices row-by-row and thus the random access of any point is achieved by using the offsets in each row. Two commonly applied viewshed algorithms, namely, “reference plane” and “Xdraw” algorithms are employed to verify the performance. In addition, two experiments focus on evaluating the efficiency performance and comparing traditional implementation, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate a significant performance improvement compared with the sequential computing method. The memory usage gradually decreases as the number of processors increases. Based on the equal-area decomposition, partitions in terms of sectors can guarantee a suitable load balance. Additional benefits of the proposed solution also include high storage efficiency and program portability.     

Soil erosion potential hotspot zone identification using machine learning and statistical approaches in eastern India

Natural Hazards - Land degradation is very severe in the subtropical monsoon-dominated region due to the uncertainty of rainfall in the long term, and most of the rainfall occurs with high...