3万年以来日本海西部海冰活动变化

海冰是现代气候系统的一个基本组成要素,对气候变化有着重要的调控作用。现今日本海西部仍发育有限的季节性海冰,也是深层水形成的关键区域。由于缺乏沉积岩芯,长期以来对日本海西部海冰范围变化的历史还缺乏深入的认识。本文对日本海西部LV53-18-2岩芯中长393 cm的沉积物进行了粒度分析,采用粒径端元分析方法,重建了过去30.0~5.0 ka海冰和底流活动历史。粒径端元(EM)分析显示,端元3(40~160 μm)是指示海冰活动的有效指标;EM1(2~20 μm)与可分选粉砂平均粒径呈现一致的变化趋势,是指示底流活动的有效指标,但在15.0~7.8 ka受到冰筏碎屑影响。日本海西部海冰活动由冬季海冰形成和春/夏季海冰融化条件的共同制约。末次冰期-冰盛期(30.0~18.0 ka),在强盛东亚冬季风(EAWM)和低太阳辐射量控制下,日本海西部季节性海冰活动保持微弱;在末次冰消期晚期-中全新世早期(15.0~7.8 ka),EAWM仍然强盛,同时北半球高纬日射量和海平面升高,导致海冰活动十分活跃;7.8~5.0 ka以来,随着EAWM减弱和对马暖流入侵,日本海西部季节性海冰活动显著减弱。在海因里希冰阶(HS)1时段(17.5~15.0 ka),大西洋经向翻转流减弱诱发EAWM增强,同时北半球夏季太阳辐射量和海平面都相对较低,可能导致日本海西部海冰持续覆盖。在季节性海冰形成时期,盐析过程增强了水体垂向对流和底流活动,但是在HS1,深层水体形成源区被常年海冰覆盖,抑制了深层水形成,减弱了研究区底流活动。

     

Evolution and effect of the stress concentration and rock failure in the deep multi-seam coal mining

Supports crushing accident occasionally occurs in the protected seam exploitation of deep multi-seam coal mining structure and results in adverse effect to the production. To prevent its recurrence in a newly developed working field, a 3D numerical extraction model was built based on the geologic and mining conditions of Jining coal mine to evolve the changes, state and characteristics of the reconstructed vertical and lateral stress in rock interlayer after protective seam exploitation. Stress release and increase zones of this mining structure were separated. Mining-induced localized stress concentration and the interlayer rock failure behavior were explored. The action of concentrated stress on the hydraulic supports in protected seam was discussed upon the major stress redistribution. Using the infinitesimal strain method, a mechanical model was created to further explore, from the vertical and lateral directions, the cause and mechanism of localized stress concentration and rock failure behavior in rock interlayer. The field investigation was finally performed to verify the numerical and mechanical results, and the essential control measures were proposed to prevent this accident. Key findings of this study bring some new insights into the deep multi-seam coal extraction and help to promote a more reliable underground mining.     

天基太赫兹云雷达需求指标分析与论证

云对大气起着重要的动力和热力作用,对地球能量平衡、气候变化及天气演变具有重要影响,但云是全球气候模型中最重要的也是最难确定的气象要素之一。太赫兹(Terahertz,THz)波是介于微波和红外辐射的电磁波,具有方向性好、能效高、可全天候工作、对云系微物理结构有更高的灵敏度等优点。天基云雷达是测量全球尺度云的有效手段,它能够直接测量云的三维结构,还可以为被动微波遥感测量提供订正参考,目前天基雷达是获取全球云的垂直运动、粒子相态和中尺度物理结构等信息的唯一设备。综合太赫兹波与雷达探测的优势,采用天基太赫兹雷达进行云雾探测,能够获得目前其他技术手段无法获得的独特信息。从应用需求的角度,综合考虑探测目标的垂直与水平分布特性、目标测量所受的杂波干扰、测量精度、分辨率拖影、天线尺寸和衰减等方面的要求,对天基太赫兹测云雷达的探测频段、灵敏度、分辨率、扫描范围、探测距离等重要需求指标进行分析论证,给出合理的需求指标,推进国内天基太赫兹测云雷达的开发建设及应用,为主动遥感气象探测增加一支生力军。     

Data assimilation methods for estimating a heterogeneous conductivity field by assimilating transient solute transport data via ensemble Kalman filter

An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is developed to identify a hydraulic conductivity distribution in a heterogeneous medium by assimilating solute concentration measurements of solute transport in the field with a steady‐state flow. A synthetic case with the mixed Neumann/Dirichlet boundary conditions is designed to investigate the capacity of the data assimilation methods to identify a conductivity distribution. The developed method is demonstrated in 2‐D transient solute transport with two different initial instant solute injection areas. The influences of the observation error and model error on the updated results are considered in this study. The study results indicate that the EnKF method will significantly improve the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity field by assimilating solute concentration measurements. The larger area of the initial distribution and the more observed data obtained, the better the calculation results. When the standard deviation of the observation error varies from 1% to 30% of the solute concentration measurements, the simulated results by the data assimilation method do not change much, which indicates that assimilation results are not very sensitive to the standard deviation of the observation error in this study. When the inflation factor is more than 1.0 to enlarge the model error by increasing the forecast error covariance matrix, the updated results of the hydraulic conductivity by the data assimilation method are not good at all. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CCN浓度对安徽一次强对流天气影响的数值模拟

应用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,采用NSSL初始CCN数据(C=600 cm~(-3)、k=0.6)及南京北郊观测拟合数据(C=4 000 cm~(-3)、k=0.47)对安徽省一次强对流天气进行模拟。结果发现CCN浓度(CASE2)增大后,所模拟的最大雷达反射率较初始情况(CASE1),在强度和云体宽度上更加接近实况,且CASE2生成了更多强对流单体;CASE2的降水落区较CASE1更为接近实况,且中心雨强大于CASE1,这主要由CASE2中第一个单体更强的降水导致,而两者第二个单体贡献值相近。在过程初期,CASE2中云水、冰晶粒子数浓度比CASE1更大,使得云水粒子冻结时释放出比CASE1更多的热量,从而使得云体发展更为旺盛;两者单位质量中雪晶质量和数浓度相差不大;CASE2比CASE1霰雹粒子比含水量更高,从而在融化过程中形成了更强的冷云降水。     

VSP 高斯射线束法叠加成像

叠加是地震数据处理的核心环节,可以有效地压制噪声提高信噪比。在 VSP 地震勘探中,常规的叠加方法在复杂构造中成像精度受到极大的限制。文中采用高斯射线束方法对复杂构造进行正演模拟,将得到的波场特征与实际资料波场特征进行对比,调整参数获得合适的速度场;在叠加过程中采用逆高斯的思想,对实际地震资料共炮集数据进行反射波场归位,得到共反射点道集数据,选择合适的面元尺寸进行叠加获得复杂构造的叠加波场特征。通过大量模型测试,VSP 高斯束叠加方法可以有效地反演地下结构特征。应用该方法对 M 地区进行成像研究,结果表明该方法能够准确反演地下结构特征,为数据处理与解释提供依据。     

北斗卫星导航系统单星授时精度分析

为研究北斗卫星导航系统单星授时精度,本文基于GPS单星授时原理,结合北斗卫星多种类型星座特点,编写了BDS单星授时软件。利用iGMAS站数据进行了试验,在对原始数据进行监测并将异常信息剔除后,将授时结果与中国测绘科学研究院北斗分析中心（CGS）钟差文件进行比对,分析了BDS不同轨道卫星（GEO/IGSO/MEO）下的BDS单星授时精度。结果表明,GEO卫星的授时精度为27.39 ns,IGSO卫星的授时精度为18.37 ns,MEO卫星的授时精度为18.62 ns。     

Experimental Research of Gas Hydrate Drilling Fluids Using Polyethylene Glycol as an Inhibitor

INTRODUCTION Gas hydrate is anice-like crystal compound gen-erally formed by water and natural gas molecules ,whichis mainly distributed under the oceanfloor andin the permafrost andis viewed as an energy resourcewith great potential (Jiang et al .,2002) .For the rel-ative exploration and development of gas hydrate inChina ,some specialists and scholars have suggestedthat relative test drilling exploitation should be donein the permafrost (Liu,2005 ; Li and Geng,2000) .Drillingin the per…     

杏子川地区油气藏形成条件分析

通过对油气运移、生储盖组合、砂体特征、油气藏类型、成岩作用、油水分布等制约和影响油气藏形成因素的分析，探讨了杏子川地区三叠系延长组长；油层组油气藏形成条件。结果表明，本地区为油气运移的长期指向区，具有良好的生、储、盖组合条件，三角洲平原分流河道砂体成为本区主力含油砂体，复杂的成岩特征造就了本区以成岩圈闭油气藏类型为主，油气主要分布于砂体中部物性较好、成岩作用较弱的部位。