Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program （GGP）, which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian （in Chongqing Municipality） and Ansai （in Shaanxi Province） were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.     

Similarity measurement on human mobility data with spatially weighted structural similarity index (SpSSIM)

Understanding diverse characteristics of human mobility provides profound knowledge of urban dynamics and complexity. Human movements are recorded in a variety of data sources and each describes unique mobility characteristics. Revealing similarity and difference in mobility data sources facilitates grasping comprehensive human mobility patterns. This study introduces a new method to measure similarities on two origin–destination (OD) matrices by spatially extending an image‐assessment tool, the structural similarity index (SSIM). The new measurement, spatially weighted SSIM (SpSSIM), utilizes weight matrices to overcome the SSIM sensitivity issue due to the ordering of OD pairs by explicitly defining spatial adjacency. To evaluate SpSSIM, we compared performances between SSIM and SpSSIM with resampling the orders of OD pairs and conducted bootstrapping to test the statistical significance of SpSSIM. As a case study, we compared OD matrices generated from three data sources in San Diego County, CA: U.S. Census‐based Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics Origin–Destination employment statistics, Twitter, and Instagram. The case study demonstrated that SpSSIM was able to capture similarities of mobility patterns between datasets that varied by distance. Some regions showed local dissimilarity while the global index indicated they were similar. The results enhance the understanding of complex mobility patterns from various datasets, including social media.     

Sedimentary Environments of Cambrian–Ordovician Source Rocks and Ultra-deep Petroleum Accumulation in the Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is the only petroliferous basin enriched with marine oil and gas in China. It is presently also the deepest basin for petroleum exploration and development in the world. There are two main sets of marine Source Rocks (SRs) in the Tarim Basin, namely the high over-mature Cambrian–Lower Ordovician (∈–O1) and the moderately mature Middle–Upper Ordovician (O2–3). The characteristic biomarkers of SRs and oils indicate that the main origin of the marine petroleum is a mixed source of ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs. With increasing burial, the hydrocarbon contribution of the ∈–O1 SRs gradually increases. Accompanied by the superposition of multi-stage hydrocarbon-generation of the SRs and various secondary alteration processes, the emergence and abnormal enrichment of terpenoids, thiophene and trimethylaryl isoprenoid in deep reservoirs indicate a complex genesis of various deep oils and gases. Through the analysis of the biofacies and sedimentary environments of the ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs, it is shown that the lower Paleozoic high-quality SRs in the Tarim Basin were mainly deposited in a passive continental margin and the gentle slope of the platform, deep-water shelf and slope facies, which has exhibited a good response to the local tectonic-sedimentary environment. The slope of the paleo-uplift is the mutual area for the development of carbonate reservoirs and the deposition of marine SRs, which would be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum. Due to the characteristics of low ground temperature, the latest rapid and deep burial does not cause massive oil-cracking in the paleo-uplift and slope area. Therefore, it is speculated that the marine reservoirs in the slope of the Tabei Uplift are likely to be a favorable area for deep petroleum exploration, while the oil-cracking gas would be a potential reserve around the west margin of the Manjiaer Depression. Hydrocarbons were generated from various unit SRs, mainly migrating along the lateral unconformities or reservoirs and the vertical faults. They eventually brought up three major types of exploration fields: middle and lower Cambrian salt-related assemblages, dolomite inner reservoirs and Middle and Lower Ordovician oil-bearing karst, which would become the most favorable target of marine ultra-deep exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

斜坡应力分布的系统测试与反演分析

采用简易、快速、经济的洞壁应力恢复法对某工程边坡勘探平硐洞壁应力场作了系统测试, 并采用FLAC2D软件对测试成果作了斜坡初始应力的反演分析。结果表明, 斜坡应力场随深度变化具有明显分带性, 应力量值随硐深曲线具有典型的驼峰式特征, 与理论分析结果相符, 表明该方法能较好地应用于斜坡应力场的系统测试和研究。成果对认识斜坡岩体的变形破裂及卸荷特征等具有重要意义。     

Modulation of tropical ocean surface chlorophyll by the Madden–Julian Oscillation

The MJO modulation of sea surface chlorophyll-a (Chl) examined initially by Waliser et al. in Geophys Res Lett, (2005) is revisited with a significantly longer time-series of observations and a more systematic approach to characterizing the possible mechanisms underlying the MJO-Chl relationships. The MJO composite analysis of Chl and lead-lag correlations between Chl and other physical variables reveal regional variability of Chl and corresponding indicative temporal relationships among variables. Along the path of the MJO convection, wind speed—a proxy for oceanic vertical turbulent mixing and corresponding entrainment—is most strongly correlated with Chl when wind leads Chl by a few days. Composite Chl also displays MJO influences away from the path of the MJO convection. The role of wind speed in those regions is generally the same for Chl variability as that along the path of the MJO convection, although Ekman pumping also plays a role in generating Chl variability in limited regions. However, the wind forcing away from the MJO convection path is less coherent, rendering the temporal link relatively weak. Lastly, the potential for bio-physical feedbacks at the MJO time-scale is examined. The correlation analysis provides tantalizing evidence for local bio-feedbacks to the physical MJO system. Plausible hypothesis for Chl to amplify the MJO phase transition is presented though it cannot be affirmed in this study and will be examined and reported in a future modeling study.     

1990年代长江中下游地区多雨的机制分析

对长江中下游地区３２个测站１９５１以来的降水记录以及上海、南京等６个站１２０年降水序列的分析表明,１９９０年代是长江中下游地区百年来降水最多的１０年。降水的偏多导致洪涝发生的频率及强度都加强。最近１２０年中１２次异常多雨的年份,出现在１９９０年代的就有４次。１９５１年以来的６个异常多雨夏季个例的合成分析表明,与洪涝直接相联系的大气环流形式是在江南有偏强的向北经向风及水汽输送异常,而在华北及偏北地区     

厚层覆盖区综合物化探方法找金试验研究——以广西兴安金石金矿为例

在兴安金石金矿外围 4号分散流异常区 ,通过地电化学提取金测量法 ,查明测区存在 5个走向规模小于 5 0 m的金异常区 ,W( Au) 最大值为 72 .4× 10 - 9,高出背景值十几倍 ,并藉综合土壤吸附汞测量 ,高精度磁测和激发极化法等多种物化探方法来确定这些异常区的地质、地球化学和地球物理特征 ,提出金矿成矿的有利部位在金的地电提取高异常区、高汞量异常区、高磁性异常区、低视电阻率异常区和中等视极化率异常区的“三高一低一中”的找矿模式。确定测区的北北东角 (右下角 )一带具备有利的金矿成矿条件     

Study on Recovering the Earth＇s Potential Field Based on GOCE Gradiometry

Given the second radial derivative Vrr（P） ｜δs of the Earth＇s gravitational potential V（P） on the surface δS corresponding to the satellite altitude, by using the fictitious compress recovery method, a fictitious regular harmonic field rrVrr（P）^＊ and a fictitious second radial gradient field V：（P） in the domain outside an inner sphere Ki can be determined, which coincides with the real field V（P） in the domain outside the Earth. Vrr^＊（P）could be further expressed as a uniformly convergent expansion series in the domain outside the inner sphere, because rrV（P）^＊ could be expressed as a uniformly convergent spherical harmonic expansion series due to its regularity and harmony in that domain. In another aspect, the fictitious field V^＊（P） defined in the domain outside the inner sphere, which coincides with the real field V（P） in the domain outside the Earth, could be also expressed as a spherical harmonic expansion series. Then, the harmonic coefficients contained in the series expressing V^＊（P） can be determined, and consequently the real field V（P） is recovered. Preliminary simulation calculations show that the second radial gradient field Vrr（P） could be recovered based only on the second radial derivative V（P）｜δs given on the satellite boundary. Concerning the final recovery of the potential field V（P） based only on the boundary value Vrr （P）｜δs, the simulation tests are still in process.     

电子自旋共振法年龄测定研究

电子自旋共振(ESR)法适用于第四纪样品的年龄测定.本文报道近2年来作者等对鹿角、丽蚌、石筍、黄土、珊瑚和贝壳样品的年龄测定,其结果与地层、TL和¹⁴C年龄相符.预示ESR法将会成为第四纪年代学研究的有力工具.     

新疆天山中部初秋罕见大暴雪成因分析

对新疆天山中部初秋2003年9月27—28日罕见大暴雪天气过程进行综合分析表明:天山中部初秋大暴雪发生在南亚高压双体型,伊朗副高东伸北挺,西太副高稳定,乌拉尔大槽不断南伸并缓慢东移的形势下;它是各种尺度系统及副热带与西风带系统共同作用的结果。大暴雪发生在低层偏东气流与中层西南气流和高层偏西气流交汇处;而低层东路水汽的输送对大暴雪的贡献极为重要。