Statistical analysis of hydrochemistry of groundwater and its implications for water source identification: a case study

Hydrochemistry of groundwater is important for inrush water source identification in coal mines. For determining the source of inrush water from the 8101 working face in the Wolonghu coal mine, Northern Anhui Province, China, a total of 22 groundwater samples from three aquifer systems (loose layer—LA, coal bearing sandstone—CA, and the underlying limestone—TA), and eight samples from the 8101 working face were collected for analyzing major ion concentrations. The results suggest that major ion concentrations of the aquifer systems were different from each other, and they can be subdivided into Na–HCO₃, Na–SO₄, and Ca–SO₄ types. Factor analysis indicates that their chemical compositions are mainly originated from two kinds of contributions: dissolution of soluble minerals (e.g., calcite, dolomite, and gypsum) and weathering of silicate minerals (e.g., plagioclase). Plots of factor scores and cluster analysis imply that LA was connected with CA, whereas TA was an isolated aquifer system. Moreover, the source of 8101 working face water was finally determined to be LA by using discriminant analysis.     

A Study on Crack Damage Stress Thresholds of Different Rock Types Based on Uniaxial Compression Tests

When rock samples are loaded until macroscopic fractures develop, the failure process can be divided into several stages based on axial and lateral strain responses or the acoustic emission sequence during uniaxial compression tests. Several stress thresholds may be identified: the crack closure stress σ _cc, crack initiation stress σ _ci, crack damage stress σ _cd, and uniaxial compressive strength σ _ucs; these may be used as a warning indicator for rock rupture. We investigated the crack damage stress σ _cd, its threshold, and a possible relationship between σ _cd and the uniaxial compressive strength. The σ _cd of different rock types were compiled from previous studies based on uniaxial compression tests. The results showed that the overall averages and standard deviations of σ _cd /σ _ucs for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.11), ~0.85 (±0.11), and ~0.73 (±0.18), respectively. There were no significant differences in σ _cd /σ _ucs between the different rock types, except that the sedimentary rock had a slightly larger standard deviation attributed to the variation of porosity in the samples, while the metamorphic rock had higher average σ _cd /σ _ucs resulting from the small statistical sample size. By excluding the higher-porosity (>10 %) rock samples, the averages and standard deviations of σ _cd /σ _ucs for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.09), ~0.85 (±0.09), and ~0.78 (±0.11), respectively. The results imply that the rock origin process (i.e., igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) has a minimal effect on σ _cd /σ _ucs. The ratio σ _cd/σ _ucs could be an essential intrinsic property for low-porosity rocks, which could be used in rock engineering for predicting the failure process.     

芦山地震同震和震后地表形变及重力变化的理论模拟

为了研究芦山地震的孕震过程和震源区的长期构造过程以及解释实测的震后形变和重力资料, 采用分层介质模型, 利用数值模拟的方法, 考虑区域流变系数, 计算了地震引起的地表同震、震后的形变和重力变化以及区域内部分GPS与重力连续观测台站的震后形变和重力变化的时间序列.结果表明: 芦山地震的地表同震形变显示出发震断层明显的逆冲特性; 粘弹性松弛效应引起的震后地表形变和重力变化比同震形变和重力变化的范围明显扩大, 但随着粘滞系数的增加, 变化量明显减小; 观测台站的震后变化时变曲线显示震后形变和重力变化在震后50 a间变化显著, 100 a后基本平缓, 趋于稳定; 模拟计算的GPS台站中除了MEIG台和MYAN台以外, 其余台站的震后观测必须考虑粘弹性松弛的影响.      

新疆二红洼镁铁—超镁铁岩体橄榄石成因及其对硫化物熔离的指示

二红洼岩体位于新疆东天山黄山镁铁—超镁铁岩带的西段,地表由南、北两个小岩体组成,北岩体出露面积约1.42km2,呈北东—南西向展布;南岩体在呈椭圆形,出露面积约为6.25km2。岩体可分为两个侵入期次:第一侵入期次岩性为(含长)二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉长岩,第二侵入期次岩性为辉长苏长岩和淡色辉长岩,辉长苏长岩侵入于第一期次形成的含长二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉长岩中。岩体橄榄石Fo值在80.9~89.7之间,为贵橄榄石;Ni含量变化范围较大,主要集中在102.19×10-6~4319.66×10-6之间。岩体母岩浆MgO含量为10.3%,FeO含量为10.8%;回归计算结果显示二红洼岩体的原始岩浆中MgO含量为15.73%,FeO含量为10.71%。在橄榄石的结晶过程中母岩浆达到硫饱和,并发生有硫化物的熔离作用;橄榄石与硫化物的晶出质量比(橄榄石:硫化物)为50~100∶1。通过岩石学、矿物学特征以及模拟计算结果表明,二红洼岩体具有形成铜镍矿床的基本条件,但是岩体在深部岩浆房已经达到硫饱和并发生了硫化物的熔离作用,导致母岩浆中亏损Ni、Cu等成矿元素,未能形成工业矿体;在以后找矿勘探中,需要寻找早期硫化物熔离所形成的那部分硫化物熔体,并进一步寻找成矿富集的有利地段。     

Thermal simulation of basic volcanic fluid influence on different source rocks

Based on thermal simulation experiment, interactions between volcanic fluids and source rocks were studied. Gas generations in the dry system and fluid system under different temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the various types of source rocks are similar in composition, containing gaseous C1-C5 hydrocarbons, H2 and CO2 whose gas yields increase with increasing temperature. The gas yield of source rocks of type I is the high- est, followed by type II, and that of source rocks of type III is the lowest, indicating that the yield of hydrocarbon gases is related to their hydrocarbon generating potential. Although the generating potential of type III is the lowest, it can still be regarded as a useful gas source when it is buried deeply enough. The basic volcanic fluid restrains the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons in different types of source rocks, but promotes the generation of inorganic gases.     

10年来中国IODP专家委员会工作简要回顾

回顾了2003年以来中国IODP专家委员会的主要工作。10年来专家委员会开展了大量卓有成效的工作,提出了我国参加大洋钻探活动的战略和规划,组织了多种形式的学术活动,推动了我国深海科技事业蓬勃健康发展。     

京津冀区域大气霾污染研究意义、现状及展望

频发的霾污染是目前京津冀最严重的环境问题。如何协调区域经济合理快速发展与防止大气环境恶化,已经成为公众关注的焦点,也是各级政府亟待解决的问题之一。对国内外典型大气污染事件的产生及治理历程进行了简要回顾;结合我国当前霾污染问题产生的特殊性,分析了京津冀区域霾污染研究对经济和社会发展、气候和环境变化、人体健康和区域和谐发展的现实意义;阐述了京津冀霾污染现象频发的主要客观要素和内在原因,并分析了当前研究工作中的不足。最后,在全球气候变化的大背景下,推测了京津冀及东亚地区未来大气污染的发展趋势。     

爆管法在北美地区的应用现状

随着市政部门不断寻求节约成本的创新技术来解决地下基础设施问题,非开挖管线更换技术诸如爆管法成为可行的选择。爆管法是一种用相等或更大口径的新管更换现有地下供水给水、污水排水和燃气输送管线的施工方法。它是唯一一种完全沿旧管线线路铺设的施工方法。这使得安装新管线施工时无须征求额外通行权。爆管法兴起于20纪80年代,现在已遍布北美地区。本文通过对来自2007—2010年加拿大和美国的886个项目的调查问卷结果的总结,讨论了目前非开挖更管技术的趋势,分析了爆管法施工中的因素：包括设备的使用、采购与支付的形式、管线扩径的限制和施工的风险。     

基于贝叶斯层次时空模型的甘肃省土地利用程度演变分析

以甘肃省为例,在基于Google Earth Engine (GEE)平台实现1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年和2020年土地变化监测的基础上,利用贝叶斯层次时空模型(BHM)分析土地利用程度的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 研究期间内甘肃省土地利用程度呈增长趋势,其中1995―2000年和2010―2015年增长速度较明显;② 土地利用程度空间格局“东高西低”,热点区域主要分布在陇中、陇东和陇南地区;③ 土地利用程度局部变化呈现明显区域差异,整体表现为“东弱西强”,局部变化热点区域主要分布在河西地区;④ 影响土地利用程度变化的主要因素是经济规模和产业结构,其中经济因素影响程度最高。     

特大城市医疗公共服务可达性的空间格局及其影响因素分析——以上海市为例

大城市通常是医疗资源最为丰富的地区,但普遍存在配置不均的问题。精准地衡量城市医疗公共服务的空间异质性、合理规划医疗公共空间,是实现城市稳定健康发展的重要保障。以上海市为例,运用改进两步移动搜索法,从乡镇（街道）尺度测算医疗服务设施的空间可达性,并结合基尼系数和空间自相关分析探究上海市医疗服务设施可达性的空间分异特征,探讨了影响上海市医疗服务资源可达性空间格局的主要因素。研究表明：上海市医疗公共服务可达性自中心城区向郊区逐渐递减;可达性高值区集中在外环线以内及其沿线地区,可达性低值区集中在远郊区。医疗资源呈现向心化集聚,满足了中心城区高密度的人口和体量庞大的老年人口就医需求;中心城区医疗服务资源配置相对均衡,可达性差异较小,而郊区医疗服务的可达性差异较大;上海市医疗服务可达性空间格局受人口密度和经济发展显著影响,上海市政府医疗财政支付对街道尺度的医疗服务设施空间可达性作用较小。在未来,在城市医疗卫生服务资源配置中注重人口集聚导向,建立医疗卫生人员双向流动的常态化机制是提升上海市医疗公共服务能力,优化城市医疗公共设施可达性的重要方向。