中国海相探矿权区块定量评价方法

在研究了我国海相油气探矿权区块基本油气地质条件、勘探程度、技术经济条件等要素和特点的基础上,给出了48个评价参数和归一化取值参照表,建立了探矿权区块评价工作流程、评分参数及计算公式。提出对我国海相勘探层探矿权区块评价应该注意:与国外海相碳酸盐岩评价的差别;与国内陆相碎屑岩评价的差别;成藏组合的划分;评价内容的有效性、不确定性和评价参数的可信度;成败经验的总结和勘探程度的研究。     

Elemental characteristics of lacustrine oil shale and its controlling factors of palaeo-sedimentary environment on oil yield: a case from Chang 7 oil layer of Triassic Yanchang Formation in southern Ordos Basin

As an important unconventional resource, oil shale has received widespread attention. The oil shale of the Chang 7 oil layer from Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin represents the typical lacustrine oil shale in China. Based on analyzing trace elements and oil yield from boreholes samples, characteristics and paleo-sedimentary environments of oil shale and relationship between paleo-sedimentary environment and oil yield were studied. With favorable quality, oil yield of oil shale varies from 1.4% to 9.1%. Geochemical data indicate that the paleo-redox condition of oil shale’s reducing condition from analyses of V/Cr, V/(V + Ni), U/Th, δU, and authigenic uranium. Equivalent Boron, Sp, and Sr/Ba illustrate that paleosalinity of oil shale is dominated by fresh water. The paleoclimate of oil shale is warm and humid by calculating the chemical index of alteration and Sr/Cu. Fe/Ti and (Fe + Mn)/Ti all explain that there were hot water activities during the sedimentary period of oil shale. In terms of Zr/Rb, paleohydrodynamics of oil shale is weak. By means of Co abundance and U/Th, paleo-water-depth of oil shale is from 17.30 to 157.26 m, reflecting sedimentary environment which is mainly in semi deep–deep lake facies. Correlation analyses between oil yield and six paleoenvironmental factors show that the oil yield of oil shale is mainly controlled by paleo-redox conditions, paleoclimate, hot water activities, and depth of water. Paleosalinity and paleohydrodynamics have an inconspicuous influence on oil yield.     

斑岩铜矿成矿构造背景研究进展

斑岩铜矿是指与具斑状结构的中酸性侵入岩伴生,蚀变与矿化受流体、构造控制且分带明显,矿石以细脉浸染状为主,低品位、大储量的铜矿床,是最重要的铜矿床类型。大地构造背景对斑岩铜矿的形成具有重要意义,经典的斑岩铜矿主要产于岛弧、陆缘弧环境。然而,近年来国内矿床学家发现,国内形成于大陆环境的斑岩铜矿与大洋板块俯冲、板块消减作用无关,斑岩铜矿还可产于碰撞造山带,甚至是在陆内环境。相比之下,不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床含矿岩浆、成矿物质来源、矿床成因等方面存在一定差异与共性。综述了目前斑岩铜矿研究内容中的关于构造背景的一些重要观点和几个重要进展,对比了不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床的含矿岩浆、蚀变矿化、成矿流体等方面的共性与差异,以期对斑岩型矿床的成因与找矿提供一定的线索。     

Laboratory investigations of the role of biofilms on stream-bed surfaces in debris-flow runout

Debris-flow runout is a fascinating process to understand due to its implications for downstream alluvial fans. Based on the propagation-deposition behaviors of the Dongyuege (DYG) debris flow, in Yunnan, the effect of biofilms on channel surfaces on debris-flow runout is investigated in laboratory flumes with two different internal surfaces: surfaces are lined with granite slabs (Model I) and gravel (Model II), respectively. Our results show that biofilms can significantly reduce frictional resistance to flows. They increase flow velocities, slow down the deceleration of the snouts, prolong runout distances, and subsequently extend the areas covered with resulting deposits, thus greatly assisting the propagation of experimental debris flows. Slippery biofilms consisting mainly of diatoms and their extracellular mucus (ECM) reduce the contact friction between the flume-beds and the overlying fluids, and greatly promote the propagation of tested flows. Well-developed biofilms are found on the underwater channel surfaces of the DYG Creek. Acting as lubricating layers, they likely played a key role in the DYG debris-flow runout. Most of the debris transported during the DYG event was deposited on overbanks, and the sediment that caused the disaster was transported to the populated fan region through the stream-bed clad in the thick biofilms. Owing to their impacts on the development and width of the temporary debris dam breach, the stream-bed covered with biofilms became a direct contributor to the debris-flow hazard. Because of the ubiquitous presence of biofilms on mountain stream-bed surfaces, the development of perennial streamflows can be viewed as an indicator of gully susceptibility to debris flows threatening creek fans. The underwater areas of pre-event channel cross-sections should be regarded as slip or low-friction boundaries, and the parts above stream-levels can be viewed as no-slip boundaries. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂粒粒径与砂层厚度对单体筐养养殖系统中三疣梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响研究*

提要 在梭子蟹的单体筐养养殖系统中,试验了生态掩体(砂盒)中不同的砂粒粒径大小以及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响。砂粒粒径设三个水平,分别为：>2 mm、<0.2 mm以及混合砂;砂层厚度有0cm、2cm、5cm、8cm四个水平。试验共进行6天,结果表明：砂粒粒径及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食与生长都有明显的影响。从砂粒粒径看,幼蟹在细砂(SPS)中挖洞休息,蟹体与砂面呈30-45°角,仅露眼睛及触角在外。一天内有3-6次进食,总进食时间为142.7±22.52 min,在摄食次数、总进食时间、平均摄食量(0.2427±0.0137 g/gBW)、以及脱皮及成活率都远高于其他粒径组,该组中幼蟹的体重增长最快,增加了0.814±0.113 g,增长率为91.5±3.43%;而该组的饵料系数(FCR)最低为1.17±0.11。因此,筐养养殖系统砂掩体的砂粒粒径最好为0.2 mm以下。砂层厚度也有类似结果,5 cm以上厚度养殖效果最佳。平均摄食量为0.2087±0.0046 g/gBW,该厚度下,幼蟹无死亡、100%脱皮,体重也增加最快,增加了0.791±0.121 g,增长率为88.9±3.74%,饵料系数(FCR)达到1.37±0.23,表明筐养系统掩体中砂层厚度要在5 cm以上。三种保护性酶类(SOD, POD, CAT)活性随着砂粒粒径变小和砂层厚度增加而降低,而消化酶类(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂酶)活性则表现与保护性酶类相反特性。从两类酶的活性变化也能证实,在优选条件下(细砂、厚度>5 cm),幼蟹所受的胁迫在降低。     

编者按

<正>三峡工程举世瞩目,是长江流域大保护与流域水安全保障的关键性枢纽工程。自2003年三峡工程蓄水以来,在防洪、发电、航运、供水等方面产生了巨大的经济、社会及生态环境等综合效益。同时,水库建成后,重庆至宜昌600多km的自然河道变成了人为控制的大型河流型深水水库,不仅在库区形成了诸如消落带、干-支流往复交融的独特生境,而且由于下泄水流、泥沙、营养盐等水文及生物地球化学要素的时空变化,     

光轴角近90°时二轴晶光性正负的判别

二轴晶光率体光性正负有两种判别方法：一种是根据光轴角（２Ｖ）的锐角平分线（Ｂｘａ）与Ｎｇ一致还是与Ｎｐ一致来判别，其临界点是２ｙ＝９０°；另一种是根据三个主拆射率的相对大小来判别．由于二轴晶光率体为三轴椭球体，在其临界点Ｎｇ一Ｎｍ＝Ｎｍ一Ｎｐ时，光轴角并不等于９０°。就是说，两种判别方法的临界点不一致。本文从光率体几何特性研究入手，通过几何及数学方法，着重讨论上述两种判别方法在其临界点时的相对关系，并结合实际例证，认为二轴晶光率体光性正负的临界点不能只确定为一个点，而应限定在一个范围，即２Ｖ＝９０°到Ｎｇ－Ｎｍ＝Ｎｍ－Ｎｐ之间。     

面向地理国情监测的地表覆盖信息提取方法

开展地理国情监测工作的目的是为了获取自然与人类社会经济活动引起的地表变化信息,实现地理国情信息对政府、企业和公众的服务。地表覆盖是描述地理国情信息的重要方法,能够真实反映土地表面物质类型及其自然属性,地理国情内容体系初步方案中,已将其列为重要内容之一。本文针对地理国情关注的地表覆盖内容,研究与分析了信息提取方法与关键技术,评估了计算机自动分类方法在信息提取中的适用性,综合分析了各种提取方法的最大利用效能,提出一种基于高分辨率遥感影像、适用于工程化应用的地表覆盖信息提取方案,为地理国情监测提供方法参考。     

面向自动车辆定位与导航系统的数字地图数据库系统

讨论了生成AVLN数字地图及相应数据库所必须采集的信息。重点分析了AVLN系统中几个依赖数字地图的功能。     

Using Geomechanical Method to Predict Tectonic Fractures in Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs

Understanding and interpreting the timing, location, orientation, and intensity of natural fractures within a geological structure are commonly important to both exploration and production planning activities of low-porosity and low-permeability carbonate reservoirs. In this study, we explore the application of comprehensive geomechanical methods to quantitatively characterize the fracture parameters based on Strain Energy Density Theory, such as linear fracture density and volume fracture density. This study approach is based on the idea that energy generated by tectonic stress on brittle sandstone,which can be distinguished fracture surface energy, friction energy dissipation and residual strain energy and natural fractures can be interpreted or inferred from geomechanical-model-derived strains. For this analysis, we model an extension and compression compound fault block developed in a mechanically stratified sandstone and shale sequence because mechanics experimental data and drilling data exist that can be directly compared with model results.However, the results show that the approach and our study conclusion are independent of the specified structural geometry, which can correlate fracture parameters in different stages with different tectonic activities, and finally build and visualize fracture networks in sandstone. The presence or absence of filling minerals in fractures is shown to strongly control the destruction and transformation of low-permeability sandstone, and this control possesses crucial implications for interpreting fracture aperture and reservoir flow simulation.