Analytical approximations of bulk and shear moduli for dry rock based on the differential effective medium theory

Differential effective medium theory has been applied to determine the elastic properties of porous media. The ordinary differential equations for bulk and shear moduli are coupled and it is more difficult to obtain accurate analytical formulae about the moduli of dry porous rock. In this paper, in order to decouple these equations we first substitute an analytical approximation for the dry‐rock modulus ratio into the differential equation and derive analytical solutions of the bulk and shear moduli for dry rock with three specific pore shapes: spherical pores, needle‐shaped pores and penny‐shaped cracks. Then, the validity of the analytical approximations is tested by integrating the full differential effective medium equation numerically. The analytical formulae give good estimates of the numerical results over the whole porosity range for the cases of the three given pore shapes. These analytical formulae can be further simplified under the assumption of small porosity. The simplified formulae for spherical pores are the same as Mackenzie's equations. The analytical formulae are relatively easy to analyse the relationship between the elastic moduli and porosity or pore shapes and can be used to invert some rock parameters such as porosity or pore aspect ratio. The predictions of the analytical formulae for experimental data show that the formulae for penny‐shaped cracks are suitable to estimate the elastic properties of micro‐crack rock such as granite, they can be used to estimate the crack aspect ratio while the crack porosity is known and also to estimate the crack porosity evolution with pressure if the crack aspect ratio is given.     

南阳盆地新石器文化的地理分布、传播路径及生业模式

全新世以来南阳盆地的新石器文化以中原类型为主导,但源于汉水中下游的屈家岭文化和石家河文化深刻影响了南阳盆地史前文化演变的内容和过程。除石家河期遗址集中分布于盆地南缘的低地外,仰韶文化、屈家岭文化和龙山文化的人类遗址均分布于100~200 m地势和缓的岗地区。盆地内史前文化相互角逐的动力源于中原型和江汉型两种原始农业的消涨,因而旱作农业快速发展期对应仰韶文化和龙山文化的南扩;粟作农业的衰落对应屈家岭文化和石家河文化的北进。南阳盆地史前时期的生业模式序列表现为：仰韶文化早期的采集捕捞业、仰韶中晚期的粟作农业、屈家岭时期的稻作农业和石家河—龙山时期的稻粟混作业。其中,屈家岭文化后期生产工具的精细化、家庭畜牧业的规模化改变了先民的食谱结构。     

长江立体化综合交通运输走廊的空间组织模式

长江经济带建设作为国家战略,为了推动其社会经济发展必须依托“长江黄金水道”完善综合交通运输体系。本文首先构建了沿河型立体化综合交通走廊的空间模式,从空间系统、节点结构、职能分工、运输组织、对外联系等视角刻画其主要特征;分析了长江综合交通运输走廊的发展情景;揭示了长江综合交通走廊的建设现状和重大瓶颈问题与需求。在此基础上,重点探讨了长江立体化综合交通走廊的空间组织模式,包括走廊主轴与航道网络、港口布局与战略物资运输系统、职能分工与辐射网络、综合交通枢纽等级结构与开放性运输组织等方面。     

Study on kinetics of cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen in 3.5% sodium chloride solution

Electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen in seawater on metals is of great importance for corrosion studies. The present paper studied cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen on Q235 carbon steel in 3. 5% sodium chloride(NaCl)solutions by cyclic voltammetry(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), rotating disk electrode(RDE)and rotating ring-disk electrode(RRDE). The cyclic voltammetric results demonstrated the cathodic process on Q235 carbon steel in O2-saturated 3. 5% NaCl solution contains three reactions:dissolved oxygen reduction, iron oxides reduction and hydrogen evolution. The peak potential of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is-0. 85 V vs Ag/AgCl, 3 molL-1 KCl. The E1S results indicated that the ORR occurring on Q235 carbon steel is a 4-electron process and that no finite diffusion is caused by the intermediate of H2O2 produced by ORR. The RDE and RRDE voltammograms confirmed the EIS results and it was found that the number of transferred electrons for ORR was nearly 4, I. E. , dissolved oxygen reduced to water.     

2014年2月4—7日河南暴雪过程的环流特征及其持续原因

利用常规观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP 1°×1°间隔6 h再分析资料、云顶亮温(TBB)资料以及多普勒天气雷达资料,对2014年2月4—7日河南省大范围暴雪过程的环流特征及其持续原因进行了分析。在此基础上,总结出此次暴雪过程的三维空间结构特征。结果表明:河套地区低槽东移发展配合近地层冷空气活动,有利于冷暖气流在黄淮地区交汇,是暴雪发生的大尺度环流背景,干冷东北急流与强盛暖湿急流在暴雪区交汇,为暴雪提供了有利的水汽和动力条件;从卫星云图和雷达回波变化特征看,暴雪发生在TBB≤-30℃的冷云团边缘等值线梯度最大处,雷达回波的移动与强度变化与降雪落区和强度实况相吻合;持续的水汽辐合为暴雪提供了充沛的水汽条件;干冷空气从低层南下导致暖湿气流抬升形成强烈上升运动,两支干冷下沉气流在对流层中层(600—400 h Pa)形成明显干层,致使底层形成饱和层,导致大量能量堆积;冷暖空气交汇处出现明显锋生,形成垂直于锋面的次级环流,导致上升运动进一步增强,对暴雪维持和发展具有重要作用。     

ERA-Interim资料计算对流层天顶延迟方法及精度分析

利用CDDIS提供的6个IGS站点2018年高精度对流层天顶延迟(ZTD)参考值,对利用ERA-Interim资料计算的ZTD值进行了精度评估.结果显示,ERA-Interim资料计算的ZTD与IGS提供的ZTD产品相比误差在cm级,不同纬度的计算ZTD及其偏差有不同的季节特征.IGS ZTD和ERA-Interim ZTD分别用于GNSS单点定位改正,伪距结果显示两者改正偏差的差异在亚毫米级,且结果在各个方向都得到了改善,U方向最明显,能达到0.5 m左右.     

Ecological Sensitivity Assessment of the Southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using GIS and AHP—A Case Study of the Nyingchi Region

This paper took the Nyingchi area in southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region of China as the research area, and selected five indicators of elevation, slope, slope direction, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and water body as the evaluation system based on the current situation of domestic and foreign research and field investigation. The indicators were analyzed by the AHP method for weighting, and then an ArcGIS overlay analysis was applied. The results show that the ecological sensitivity of the Nyingchi region is generally increasing from the south of Nyingchi to the north of Nyingchi. The northern, western and southwestern parts of Nyingchi are extremely sensitive or highly sensitive, while the southern part is mostly insensitive or mildly sensitive ecologically. The proportions of areas for each sensitivity level are: not sensitive 54.81%, light sensitive 11.97%, moderately sensitive 10.34%, highly sensitive 8.65%, and extremely sensitive 14.23%. The results indicate that the overall ecological sensitivity of the Nyingchi region is low and this region is performing well with respect to ecological environmental protection. This study can provide some suggestions for targeted improvements of the ecological environmental protection in the Nyingchi region and even in the Tibetan Plateau region.     

南海北部珠江口盆地西南段断裂特征与成因讨论

珠江口盆地是南海北部陆缘新生代发育的裂陷型盆地,其油气资源丰富,且地处洋陆过渡带,盆地内部断裂特征复杂.在前人研究基础上,利用高分辨率三维地震数据,结合多属性分析技术,完善了区域断裂的精细化解释.将断裂构造类型依据断裂级别与规模划分为控盆一级断裂、控凹二级断裂、控带三级断裂、控圈四级断裂和控层五级小断裂;在盆地西南段发...     

一次极端降水的中尺度雨团分析

利用常规观测资料、ECMWF ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°分析资料、FY-2G 卫星云图和多普勒天气雷达资料等,对2017年8 月18-19 日漯河极端降水的中尺度特征及降水成因进行分析.结果表明:(1)本次过程在200 hPa 高空分流区、500 hPa 高空槽以及副热带高压、低层急流切变、地面...