Konstruktive und thermodynamische Eigenschaften des Piche-Evaporimeters

Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden der Einfluß von Temperaturänderungen auf die Anzeige des Piche-Evaporimeters und der Einfluß des Lochdurchmessers im Filterpapier auf den Unterdruck im Rohr untersucht. In beiden Fällen ergibt sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen dem experimentellen Ergebnis und entsprechenden theoretischen Überlegungen.Messungen der Verdunstung des Piche-Evaporimeters, bei denen die Strahlung durch eine äquivalente elektrische Heizung des Filterpapiers ersetzt wurde, erlauben zusammen mit den Messungen der übrigen für die Verdunstung maßgebenden Parameter die Bestimmung der Wärmeübergangszahl des Filterpapierblättchens des Piche-Evaporimeters als Funktion der Windgeschwindigkeit. Das dabei gefundene Potenzgesetz, welches weitgehend den aus der Literatur bekannten Formeln für die Wärmeübergangszahl folgt, ermöglicht es, die Verdunstung und die Mitteltemperatur des Filterpapiers des Piche-Evaporimeters mit Hilfe der vonG. Hofmann angegebenen Formeln und der in ihnen auftretenden meteorologischen Parameter (Lufttemperatur, Windgeschwindigkeit, Strahlungsbilanz, relative Luftfeuchtigkeit) zu errechnen. Auch hier ergibt sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung der berechneten Werte mit den gemessenen, so daß die Abhängigkeit der Meßwerte eines Piche-Evaporimeters von den für dessen Anzeige maßgebenden Parametern hinreichend geklärt erscheint.

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Summary First are investigated the effect of temperature variations on the readings of a Piche evaporimeter, and the effect of the size of the hole pierced into the filter paper on the underpressure within the tube. In both cases good agreement is found between experimental results and theoretical considerations.The heat transfer coefficient of the filter paper as a function of wind velocity was ascertained by observing evaporation and the pertinent parameters; radiation, however, was replaced by an equivalent electric heating of the filter paper. The relationship follows a power law and corresponds largely with other formulae given in the literature. By applyingG. Hofmann's formulae (containing air temperature, wind velocity, net radiation, and relative humidity) the relationship can be used to calculate the mean temperature of the filter paper and the amount of evaporation. The agreement between calculated and observed results is very good. It seems, therefore, that the relationship between the Piche evaporimeter readings and the meteorological parameters governing its reactions is sufficiently clarified.

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Résumé On étudie tout d'abord l'influence des variations de température sur les indications de l'évaporimètre de Piche, ainsi que l'effet du diamètre du trou du papier-filtre sur la dépression du tube. Dans les deux cas la théorie et l'expérience sont parfaitement d'accord.En mesurant ensuite l'évaporation de l'instrument exposé à un chauffage électrique équivalent à la radiation et en tenant compte des autres paramètres, on peut déterminer le coefficient de transfert de chaleur du filtre en fonction de la vitesse du vent. La loi exponentielle trouvée qui correspond bien aux formules connues pour le transfert de chaleur, permet alors de calculer l'évaporation et la température moyenne du filtre à l'aide des formules données parG. Hofmann et des paramètres météorologiques (température de l'air, vitesse du vent, bilan radiatif, humidité relative). Là aussi, l'accord entre la théorie et l'expérience est très satisfaisant, ce qui établit convenablement et de façon suffisante le lien entre les indications de l'évaporimètre de Piche et les conditions d'expérience.

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Mit 10 TextabbildungenTeil einer Diplomarbeit für Meteorologie an der Universität München (1959).     

Economic‐Development Stakeholder Perspectives on Boomtown Dynamics in the Eagle Ford Shale,Texas

Unconventional oil and gas production in the United States reversed a decades‐old trend of rising oil imports, provided an argument for lifting the U.S. crude oil export ban and motivated the development of domestic natural gas export facilities. But the most visible impact of unconventional‐hydrocarbon extraction is the creation of boomtowns in rural regions. Despite widespread media coverage, scholarly analysis of boomtowns is restricted to regional econometric studies with little attention to how economic stakeholders understand and respond to booming economies. Here we analyze interviews with key economic stakeholders in the Eagle Ford Shale in Texas. Respondents consider their community's economic success relative to the price of oil and indicate concerns about the deterioration of roads, high housing demand, and skyrocketing wages. We also re‐examine John Gilmore's foundational work on boomtowns in the 1970s in the context of contemporary unconventional extraction.     

Impact of climate change on the hydrogeology of two basins in northern France

This study presents an analysis of climate-change impacts on the water resources of two basins located in northern France, by integrating four sources of uncertainty: climate modelling, hydrological modelling, downscaling methods, and emission scenarios. The analysis focused on the evolution of the water budget, the river discharges and piezometric heads. Seven hydrological models were used, from lumped rainfall-discharge to distributed hydrogeological models, and led to quite different estimates of the water-balance components. One of the hydrological models, CLSM, was found to be unable to simulate the increased water stress and was, thus, considered as an outlier even though it gave fair results for the present day compared to observations. Although there were large differences in the results between the models, there was a marked tendency towards a decrease of the water resource in the rivers and aquifers (on average in 2050 about ?14 % and ?2.5 m, respectively), associated with global warming and a reduction in annual precipitation (on average in 2050 +2.1 K and ?3 %, respectively). The uncertainty associated to climate models was shown to clearly dominate, while the three others were about the same order of magnitude and 3–4 times lower. In terms of impact, the results found in this work are rather different from those obtained in a previous study, even though two of the hydrological models and one of the climate models were used in both studies. This emphasizes the need for a survey of the climatic-change impact on the water resource.     

Cross-national patterns of governance mechanisms in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement

ABSTRACT

The continuous submission and scaling-up of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) constitutes a key feature of the Paris Agreement. In their NDCs, states propose governance mechanisms for implementation of climate action, in turn distinguishing appropriate roles for the state in climate governance. Clarity on Parties’ suggested roles for the state makes explicit assumptions on the premise of climate policy, in turn contributing to enhanced transparency in negotiations on the scaling-up of NDCs. This also speaks to ongoing debates on roles for the state in climate governance literature. This article identifies the governance mechanisms proposed by states in their NDCs and the roles for the state envisioned by those governance mechanisms, and also examines how cross-national patterns of roles for the state break or converge with conventional patterns of international politics. The analysis shows that states propose a plurality of roles, which to different extents may be complementary or conflictual. We conclude that income, region, and the Annexes under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are important for understanding suggested roles for the state, but that there are nuances to be further explored. We argue that this paper has three key findings: i) a majority of states rely on market mechanisms to implement their NDCs while rules on implementation and assessment of market mechanisms are still an outstanding issue in the negotiations, meaning that resolving this issue will be essential; ii) the process for evaluating and assessing qualitative governance mechanisms needs to be specified; and iii) increased awareness of differing views on the state’s roles makes explicit different perspectives on what constitutes an ambitious and legitimate contribution to combating climate change.

Key policy insights

• A majority of states (> 75%) envision the state as regulator (creating and strengthening legislation), market facilitator (creating and maintaining market structures), or facilitator (creating more favourable material conditions for climate-friendly behaviour).

• Greater awareness of differing views on roles for the state can increase understanding of different perspectives on ambition and legitimacy of contributions, in turn facilitating trust in negotiations.

• A distinction between substantive and procedural qualitative governance mechanisms and their function and interaction would facilitate the stocktaking dialogues.

     

Testing GISS-MM5 physics configurations for use in regional impacts studies

The Mesoscale Modeling System Version 5 (MM5) was one-way nested to the Goddard Institute for Space Studies global climate model (GISS GCM), which provided the boundary conditions for present (1990s) and future (IPCC SRES A2 scenario, 2050s) five-summer “time-slice” simulations over the continental and eastern United States. Five configurations for planetary boundary layer, cumulus parameterization, and radiation scheme were tested, and one set was selected for use in the New York City Climate and Health Project—a multi-disciplinary study investigating the effects of climate change and land-use change on human health in the New York metropolitan region. Although hourly and daily data were used in the health project, in this paper we focus on long-term current and projected mean climate change. The GISS-MM5 was very sensitive to the choice of cumulus parameterization and planetary boundary layer scheme, leading to significantly different temperature and precipitation outcomes for the 1990s. These differences can be linked to precipitation type (convective vs. non-convective), to their effect on solar radiation received at the ground, and ultimately to surface temperature. The projected changes in climate (2050s minus 1990s) were not as sensitive to choice of model physics combination. The range of the projected surface temperature changes at a given grid point among the model versions was much less than the mean change for all five model configurations, indicating relative consensus for simulating surface temperature changes among the different model projections. The MM5 versions, however, offer less consensus regarding 1990s to 2050s changes in precipitation amounts. All of the projected 2050s temperature changes were found to be significant at the 95th percent confidence interval, while the majority of the precipitation changes were not.