Influence of the IMF sector boundaries on cosmic rays and tropospheric vorticity

Summary The effect of the IMF sector boundary crossing (IMF SBC) in the vorticity area index (VAI) — the well-known dip in the VAI after IMF SBC — is found to be independent of the IMF SBC effect in the cosmic ray flux. This finding refutes a recent suggestion by Lundstedt [1] that the IMF SBC effect in VAI is caused by a decrease in cosmic ray flux, but supports the concept of the IMF SBC effects in the ionosphere and atmosphere developed by Latovika [2–4]. Cosmic rays seem to affect the troposphere in another way.

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¶rt;mu nu mau nam aum n ( ) a u¶rt; na¶rt;u aumu () — um uu n — a¶rt; auu m ma nm uu . mm mam nam ¶rt;a n¶rt;u ¶rt;m¶rt;a [1], m m a nuu nma uu , n¶rt;¶rt;uam nu m u u am, aum amu [2–4]. am m uu u m um a mn ¶rt;u a.

     

Electrical conductivity of some rocks from the Indian subcontinent

Summary Results on electrical conductivity, chemical analysis and age of the rock samples from the Indian Subcontinent are presented. The old Precambrian Indian rocks tend to be less conductive than characteristic rocks of crustal and upper mantle structures.

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nuam mam uu mnm¶rt;mu, uu aaua u n¶rt;u u uu n¶rt; u ¶rt;uu. ma nauu n¶rt; u ¶rt;uu naam mn¶rt;m aamumuu n¶rt; u amuu.

     

Sulphur-containing compounds in sulphur-rich crude oils from hypersaline lake sediments and their geochemical implications

Three sulphur-rich commercial crude oils have been studied, which contain sulphur as high as up to 4–12%. These samples were collected from Tertiary hypersaline lake sediments of the Jianghan Basin, Hubei Province at different depths, but above the oil generation threshold (2200m). FPD-GC and GC-MS data show that aromatic fractions of the crude oils are composed of different homologues of sulphur-containing compounds, including long-chain normal alkyl-thiophenes and-thiolanes, long-chain isoprenoid-thiophenes and -thiolanes, and benzothiophenes. It is worth noting that the distribution patterns of long-chain alkyl-thiophenes and -thiolanes from two shallow-seated crude oils are quite similar to those of normal alkanes showing marked even-odd predominance. It seems that the even-odd predominance of sulphur-containing compounds decreases with increasing burial depth of the crude oils. The major component of aliphatic fraction is phytane, and similarly the major peaks of aromatic fractions also represent C₂₀ isoprenoid thiophenes. Some preliminary conclusions have been drawn from the above discussion: (1) Abundant sulphur-containing compounds may be used as an indicator of low mature or immature crude oils produced from hypersaline lake sediments; (2) Sulphur-containing compounds are considered to be early diagenetic products of reactions between elemental sulphur or sulfides and alkanes or their precursors (phytols, fatty acids, alcohols, etc.), or of bacterial activities, but not direct inputs of organisms.     

Difference between the even and odd 11-year cycles of geomagnetic activity

Summary With the aid of 36 monthly and a double 12-month running average, graphs of the smoothed run of geomagnetic activity were constructed from the monthly values of the geomagnetic activity index aa for the period 1868–1978 and they were then used to determine the run of the geomagnetic activity, expressed during a uniform period and devoid of the secular variation of geomagnetic activity, for the individual 11-year cycles Nos 12–20 and the average runs for even and odd cycles, as well as for the whole period of the 9 cycles. The analysis and comparison of the graphs substantiates and renders more accurate the tendency, observed earlier, towards a regular alternation of geomagnetic activity cycles with double and single maxima. Wheareas a saddle-like shape with a maximum in the neighbourhood of the first and third quarter of the cycle is characteristic of the shape of the even cycle, the second maximum being, as a rule, the main one, the odd cycle is characterized by a peak-like shape with the main maximum in the vicinity of the cycle's centre.