Toward Improved Solar Irradiance Forecasts: a Simulation of Deep Planetary Boundary Layer with Scattered Clouds Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Accurate forecasts of solar irradiance are required for electric utilities to economically integrate substantial amounts of solar power into their power generation portfolios. A common failing of numerical weather models is the prediction of scattered clouds at the top of deep PBL which are generally difficult to be resolved due to complicated processes in the planetary boundary layer. We improved turbulence parameterization for better predicting solar irradiance during the scattered clouds’ events using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Sensitivity tests show that increasing the exchange coefficient leads to enhanced vertical mixing and a deeper mixed layer. At the top of mixed layer, an adiabatically ascending air parcel achieved the water vapor saturation and finally scattered cloud is generated.     

Update of the precision geoid determination in Korea

From the late 1990s, many studies on local geoid construction have been made in South Korea. However, the precision of the previous geoid has remained about 15 cm due to distribution and quality problems of gravity and GPS/levelling data. Since 2007, new land gravity data and GPS/levelling data have been obtained through many projects such as the Korean Land Spatilaization, Unified Control Point and Gravity survey on the Benchmark. The newly obtained data are regularly distributed to a certain degree and show much better improvement in their quality. In addition, an airborne gravity survey was conducted in 2008 to cover the Korean peninsula (South Korea only). Therefore, it is expected that the precision of the geoid could be improved. In this study, the new South Korean gravimetric geoid and hybrid geoid are presented based on land, airborne, ship‐borne, altimeter gravity data, geopotential model and topographic data. As for the methodology, the general remove‐restore approach was applied with the best chosen parameters in order to produce a precise local geoid. The global geopotential model EGM08 was used to remove the low‐frequency components using degree and order up to 360 and the short wavelength part of the gravity signal was dealt with by using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. The parameters determined empirically in this study include for Stokes’ integral 0.5° and for Wong‐Gore kernel 110–120°, respectively and 10 km for both the Bjerhammar sphere depth and attenuation factor. The final gravimetric geoid in South Korea ranges from 20–31 m with a precision of 5.45 cm overall compared to 1096 GPS/levelling data. In addition, the South Korean hybrid geoid produces 3.46 cm and 3.92 cm for degrees of fitness and precision, respectively and a better statistic of 2.37 cm for plain and urban areas was achieved. The gravimetric and hybrid geoids are expected to improve further when the refined land gravity data are included in the near future.     

Local Meteorological and Synoptic Characteristics of Fogs Formed over Incheon International Airport in the West Coast of Korea

Fogs observed over Incheon international airport (IIA) in the west coast of Korea from January 2002 to August 2006 are classified into categories of coastal fog, cold sea fog, and warm sea fog based on the areal extent of the fogs and the difference between the air temperature (T) and the SST, i.e., cold sea fog if TSST = T-SST>0^oC and warm sea fog if TSST <0^oC. The numbers of coastal, cold, and warm sea fog cases are 64, 26, and 9. Coastal fogs form most frequently in winter, while cold sea fogs occur mostly in summer and warm sea fogs are observed from January to May but not in November and December. On average the air gets colder by 1.6^oC during the three hours leading up to the coastal fog formation, and an additional cooling of 1.1^oC occurs during the fog. The change in the dew point temperature (T_d) is minimal except during the fog (0.6^oC). Decreases in T for the cold and warm sea fogs are relatively smaller. The average T_d is higher than SST during the cold sea fog periods but this T_d is more than 4^oC higher than that for the corresponding non-fog days, suggesting that cold sea fogs be formed by the cooling of already humid air (i.e., T_d>SST). Increases of T_d are significant during the warm sea fog periods (1.4^oC), implying that efficient moisture supply is essential to warm sea fog formation. Four major synoptic patterns are identified in association with the observed fogs. The most frequent is a north Pacific high that accounts for 38% of cases. Surface or upper inversions are present in 77%, 69%, and 81% of the fog periods for coastal, cold, and warm sea fogs, respectively.     

Pyrosequencing reveals specific associations of bacterial clades Roseobacter and Flavobacterium with the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides growing in culture

Harmful algal blooms of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides are of worldwide environmental concern. Previous field studies have demonstrated the association of such algal blooms with free‐living bacteria (FLB) and particle‐associated bacteria (PAB). In the present study, we report evidence for bacterial association with C. polykrikoides in laboratory culture. Sampling was performed at different growth stages (lag, exponential and stationary) and pyrosequencing was used to identify taxa. As a result, the community structures of FLB and PAB were elucidated and significant differences between FLB and PAB were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis and the similarity profiles test (p = .05). The relative abundances of bacterial operational taxonomic units distinctly changed in response to the different phases of C. polykrikoides growth. The Roseobacter genus Marivita and the Flavobacterium genus Winogradskyella were dominant in the FLB and PAB associated with C. polykrikoides, respectively. The Roseobacter clade, which has also exhibited associations with C. polykrikoides blooms in field samples, may influence host cell growth through the provision of vitamins.     

塔里木地块库车坳陷早白垩世古地磁结果及磁倾角偏低的成因探讨

运用主成分分离及线性区段等方法 ,使早白垩世样品明显分离出二组磁组分 .叠加剩磁为喜山期重磁化 ,特征剩磁明显偏离现代地磁场方向 ,经倾斜校正后 ,有很好的一致性并通过了倒转检验 ,给出塔里木地块库车坳陷早白垩世巴西盖组古地磁新数据 .综合已有的古地磁结果 ,获得了塔里木地块早白垩世平均剩磁方向及平均古地磁极 ,阐明了塔里木地块早白垩世磁倾角明显偏低这一现象 .分析导致磁倾角偏低的诸多因素 ,认为压实作用可能是导致磁倾角偏低的重要因素之一 .     

三门峡盆地晚新生代沉积物磁性载体类型

对三门峡盆地晚新生代沉积岩样品进行岩石磁学研究,通过三轴饱和等温剩磁和剩磁矫顽力实验、交变退磁和热退磁实验及磁化率测定,发现黄土-古土壤、河湖相灰绿层和冲洪积层3种不同岩性的磁载体存在显著差异.即黄土-古土壤以磁铁矿为主,赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿很少;河湖相灰绿色沉积磁性矿物含量较低,主要为赤铁矿和磁铁矿,但磁铁矿较多,此外还有一些不稳定磁性矿物(如针铁矿、菱铁矿等);冲洪积物以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,磁铁矿相对较多.     

相关分析法在研究电离层不均匀結构中的应用

本文詳細地介紹了武汉采用的交点相关法和十点相关法的理論基础和具体計算方法,并与Philtips和spcncer的相关法（PS法）及Yerg的六点相关法进行了比較。正如理論上所預期到的,武汉的实驗表明:交点法提供的参量最多,也最精确可靠,但計算量与PS法的差不多;十点法提供的参量与交点法的一样多,精确性不此PS法的低,然而計算量比PS法的少得多,与六点法的差不多。文中还討論了利用时移图上曲直线,以进一步提高十点法的精确性,以及在相关分析中采用結构函数和后效函数,以进一步簡化計算的可能性。本文还初步討論了各种相关分析法的誤差間題;并提出了相关函数值在时空上的預报方法,以及根据相关函数的預报值与实測值的对此等,判别在記录分析中有无反常現象,和甄別所求出的参量值是否可疑的方法。最后还特別指出了电离层混乱运动变化速度出現虛数值的可能性,并介紹了消除这种虛数值的方法。     

塔里木盆地热演化分析中热史波动模型的初探

用沉积盆地波动分析的观点,结合塔里木盆地的实际资料,初步建立一种新的热历史恢复模型--热史波动模型.利用该模型并结合镜质体反射率古温标模拟计算了塔中10井的热历史,同时用磷灰石裂变径迹数据对模拟结果进行了检验.此结果可以较客观地描述盆地热历史的复杂变化,特别为无古温标区或未钻达层位热演化研究提供了可能.