Submarine groundwater discharge revealed by aerial thermal infrared imagery: a case study on Jeju Island,Korea

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a global phenomenon that carries large volumes of groundwater and dissolved chemical species such as nutrient, metals, and organic compounds to coastal zones. We report the influence of SGD on the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea, using high‐resolution aerial thermal infrared (TIR) mapping techniques and field investigations. An aircraft‐based system was implemented using a cost‐effective TIR camera for aerial TIR mapping. Ground‐based calibrations and system integration with GPS/IMU (global positioning system/inertial measurement unit) were performed for the aerial systems. The aerial surveys showed distinct low‐temperature signatures of SGD along the coasts of Jeju Island, revealing large groundwater inputs from the coastal aquifers to the ocean. Multiple aerial surveys over a range of seasons and tidal stages revealed that SGD rates dynamically affect the sea surface temperature (SST) of the coastal zone. The in‐situ measurements supported that SGD has a substantial influence on the coastal water chemistry as well as SST. Our observations highlight the extent to which aerial‐based TIR mapping can serve as a powerful tool for studying SGD and other coastal processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Oil prices and energy technology innovation: An empirical analysis

To achieve environmental sustainability and reduce their vulnerability to oil shocks, countries can develop new energy technologies. Technological advances reduce the cost of structural changes in the energy economy, and thus also increase the political feasibility of such changes. But what explains international variation in the form and quality of energy technology innovation? We build on previous theories and offer an integrated account: increasing oil prices reinforce existing sectoral innovation systems, both politically and economically, thus allowing public policymakers and private entrepreneurs to profitably invest in new energy technologies. We test this theoretical argument against data on public R&D expenditures and patents in the domain of renewable energy technology for industrialized countries from 1989 to 2007. We find strong support for the interactive hypothesis. Thus, we contribute to literatures on (i) domestic responses to international shocks, (ii) environmental sustainability and energy security, and (iii) the political economy of technology innovation.     

Carbon isotope evidence of last glacial climate variations in the tropical NW Leizhou Peninsula,South China

Zhong, W., Cao, J., Xue, J., Ouyang, J., Wang, H., Tang, X. & Gao, X. 2012 (January): Carbon isotope evidence of last glacial climate variations in the tropical NW Leizhou Peninsula, South China. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 102–112. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00224.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. Bulk organic δ¹³C values of sediment sequences are commonly used to indicate past climatic changes, although the causes and mechanisms leading to the observed organic carbon isotope responses are presently not fully understood. Based on two sedimentary sequences, namely a peat profile and a fluvial and swamp sequence from the tropical NW Leizhou Peninsula in South China, we interpret more negative bulk organic δ¹³C values to suggest wetter and warmer conditions, implying a stronger East Asian (EA) summer monsoon, and less negative δ¹³C values to indicate drier and cooler conditions, reflecting a weakening of the EA summer monsoon. A warm and wet period occurred between c. 48.0 and 28.0 cal. ka BP. In the study region, a climate shift occurred at c. 22.0 (or 20.0) cal. ka BP, and the driest and coldest period occurred between c. 19.0 and 16.0 cal. ka BP. After c. 12.0 cal. ka BP, the climate changed towards wetter and warmer conditions. Several possible millennial‐scale dry and cold oscillations characterized possibly by C4 plants, or by more positive organic δ¹³C values during the period when C3 plants dominated, are cautiously and tentatively interpreted as showing a similarity with Heinrich events and other cold millennial‐scale oscillations evidenced from a Greenland ice core and Chinese stalagmite. We demonstrate that bulk organic δ¹³C records of sedimentary sequences in the study region have potential for indicating the changes in vegetation composition that were closely associated with climate variation during the last glacial period.     

BPM时号传播时延的连续观测与研究

利用新研制的短波传播时延实时数字显示系统,在武汉电离层观象台对BPM时号的传播时延进行了长时间连续观测。发现这种时延曲线的主要特征是:它是分段光滑的,光滑段工的相对时间比对精度可优于0.1ms;各光滑段之间,时延值发生突跳。结合多普勒图和频高图的同时观测记录,解释了时延突跳的原因,着重说明了突跳好几毫秒的所谓异常时号的传播机制。此外,还讨论了提高短波授时精度的某些技术措施。     

用数字测高仪漂移测量研究电离层声重波扰动

数字测高仪Digisonde中的漂移测量,常用来研究小尺度电离层扰动,如电离层小不均匀体的漂移。文中提出一种新的分析方法,利用漂移测量数据中多普勒频移和到达角参量的最大熵动态功率谱,估算声重波一类大尺度电离层扰动的水平传播速度和传播方向。作为实例,研究了Millstone Hill测高仪站的漂移观测资料,并对处理结果进行了初步分析。分析结果表明,从数字测高仪漂移测量数据中,可有效地提取声重波一类大尺度电离层扰动的传播参量,在电离层动力过程的研究中很有意义。     

华北地区重力场与沉积层构造

位于中朝准地台的华北地区是由几个不同的断块组成的,重力异常场的分布具有很强的浅部效应、块状分布和深浅叠加场的特点。重力的高程效应很复杂,不同波长的起伏变化有不同的影响系数。本文对布格改正的有关问题进行了讨论,指出华北如区表浅层的密度值偏低（2520kg/m³）,该区合理的布格改正公式为△g₂=-0.0879H。将重力场的垂直导数和向上延拓结合起来,有利于揭示地壳上部构造特征。本文搜集整理了由第四系到寒武系的沉积层资料,给出了沉积层总厚度和视密度的分布。对深部重力异常的分析表明,华北沉积层的形成有深源性质,在均衡调节中起着一定的内载荷作用。     

自记水管倾斜仪的倾斜潮观测

我们利用WSQ-1型自记水管倾斜仪在江苏省徐州市琵琶山山洞（34°20＇N,117°20＇E）对倾斜潮进行了观测.仪器钵体安装在埋入基岩的不锈钢支承棒上,仪器方位为NE117.15°及NE20.50°,格值分别为0.9744ms/mm及0.9429ms/mm.利用维涅第科夫方法对88天（1982年4月至6月）的观测资料进行了调和分析,得到了上述二方位上观测值的主要波群结果.本文还对使用水管倾斜仪进行倾斜潮观测的一些问题进行了讨论.     

中层大气Rossby波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用（Ⅱ）波包之间的相互激发

进一步讨论了大中尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用问题．从共振相互作用曲线来看，Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波可以在相当广泛的角谱范围内发生共振非线性相互作用．在一定条件下，一个大振幅波包可以激发两个小振幅波包不稳定增长而出现参量不稳定现象，这三个波包可以是同种类型或不同类型的波包．当两个大振幅波包发生相互作用时，非线性过程会产生另一个波包并使它增长，并且增长速度大于仅有一个大振幅波包时的增长速度．大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包税发两个较小尺度惯性重力波的过程是一种重要的能量串级（ｃａｓｃａｄｅ）过程．     

大气重力波触发的Rayleigh－Taylor不稳定性的时空演变

对大气重力波触发的赤道电离层Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性的时空演变进行了数值模拟．结果表明，重力波能在Ｆ区底部触发Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性，这种等离子体不稳定扰动穿过Ｆ峰，到达Ｆ区顶部，形成等离子体泡结构．等离子体泡出现向西倾斜和分岔等特征．当夜Ｆ区较高时，产生等离子体泡的时间仅１９００ｓ．数值模拟结果证实了重力波触发．Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性的理论，解释了大量电离层观测现象．     

中层大气Rossby波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用（Ⅱ）波包之间的相互激发

进一步讨论了大中尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用问题．从共振相互作用曲线来看，Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波可以在相当广泛的角谱范围内发生共振非线性相互作用．在一定条件下，一个大振幅波包可以激发两个小振幅波包不稳定增长而出现参量不稳定现象，这三个波包可以是同种类型或不同类型的波包．当两个大振幅波包发生相互作用时，非线性过程会产生另一个波包并使它增长，并且增长速度大于仅有一个大振幅波包时的增长速度．大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包税发两个较小尺度惯性重力波的过程是一种重要的能量串级（ｃａｓｃａｄｅ）过程．