Identification, definition and quantification of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity: implications for the ecosystem approach

This paper identifies and defines ecosystem goods and services provided by marine biodiversity. Case studies have been used to provide an insight into the practical issues associated with the assessment of marine ecosystem goods and services at specific locations. The aim of this research was to validate the definitions of goods and services, and to identify knowledge gaps and likely difficulties of quantifying the goods and services. A validated theoretical framework for the assessment of goods and services is detailed, and examples of the goods and services at a variety of case study areas are documented. These results will enable future assessments of marine ecosystem goods and services. It is concluded that the utilisation of this goods and services approach has the capacity to play a fundamental role in the Ecosystem Approach, by enabling the pressures and demands of society, the economy and the environment to be integrated into environmental management.     

减灾与全球变化

１９９４年１月２４日，在美国田纳西州的纳什维尔召开了国际减灾十年讨论会，该会与美国气象学会第七十四届年会联合召开，本文是向这次会议提交的三篇系列文章中的第三篇。     

花岗岩热液蚀变发生在南非威特沃特斯兰德盆地沉积后的成因证据

与威特沃特斯兰德和芬特斯多普超群含金变沉积岩空间上共存的花岗岩热液蚀变是岩浆后期形成的还是后来热液活动的产物？为帮助解决这个争论，本文对两个典型的蚀变花岗岩中以及中兰德群（威特沃特斯兰德超群）含金的金伯利矿层和不整合上覆的芬特斯多普接触带中蚀变产物的碳同位素和流体包裹体成分进行了研究。蚀变花岗岩中热液碳结核的δ＾１３Ｃ（－２５．７‰￣－３６．０‰）和芬特斯多普接触带露头中结核状碳（小污斑）（－２０     

陆下和洋底脊橄榄岩单斜辉石中的Na.Al^IV和Al^VI：地幔中不同熔融…

把从大西洋洋中脊采集的无斜长石的尖晶石二辉橄缆岩和方辉橄缆岩中的单斜辉石的Ｎａ－Ａｌ＾ＩＶ和Ａｌ＾ＶＩ浓度与陆下和前大洋的无斜长石的尖晶石橄榄岩的数据进行了比较。单斜辉石的Ａｌ２Ｏ３含量在洋底橄缆岩组和陆下橄缆岩组中的同一范围内发生变化，从高铝至贫铝。然而，洋底橄缆岩中单斜辉石的Ｎａ含量（０．０２￣０．６ｗｔ％Ｎａ２Ｏ）和Ａｌ＾ＶＩ／Ａｌ＾ＩＶ比值（０．３￣１）都低于陆下橄缆岩单斜辉石的Ｎａ含量（     

Reobserving the Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission from Abell 2199: In Situ Measurement of Background Distribution by Offset Pointing

The EUV excess emission from the clusters A2199 and A1795 remains an unexplained astrophysical phenomenon. There has been many unsuccessful attempts to "trivialize" the findings. In this Letter, we present direct evidence proving that the most recent of such attempts, which attributes the detected signals to a background nonuniformity effect, is likewise excluded. We address the issue by a reobservation of A2199 that features a new filter orientation, usage of a more sensitive part of the detector, and, most crucially, the inclusion of a background pointing at approximately 2 degrees offset-the first in situ measurement of its kind. We first demonstrate quantitatively two facts: (1) the offset pointing provides an accurate background template for the cluster observation, while (2) data from other blank fields do not. We then performed a point-to-point subtraction of the in situ background from the cluster field, with an appropriate propagation of errors. The resulting cluster radial profile is consistent with that obtained by our original method of subtracting a flat asymptotic background. The emission now extends to a radius of 20&arcmin;; it confirms the rising prominence of EUV excess beyond approximately 5&arcmin; as previously reported.     

玻利维亚普拉卡约与火山穹丘有关的浅成热液贵金属,贱金属矿化作用

本文总结了玻利维亚普拉卡矿床的地质背景，热液蚀变，矿石矿物和矿石沉淀的控制因素，并提出了一个与火山穹丘相伴生的贵金属，贱金属成矿模式。     

Chemical characterization of porewaters in an intertidal mudflat of the Seine estuary: relationship to erosion-deposition cycles

A seasonal field study was carried out in the Seine estuary to determine the chemistry of sediment porewaters using the 'peeper' technique and changes in the elevation of the mudflats using the 'Altus' technique. This approach allowed us to evaluate the release of nutrients and to link these releases to the sediment hydrodynamics. Our results show that nutrient and organic matter cycling in a Seine estuary mudflat exhibits a seasonal behaviour, which is mainly influenced by variations in hydrodynamics. Sediments, rich organic matter, were input during floods and they were mineralized during summer and autumn, releasing nutrients and dissolved organic carbon into the sediment porewaters. The nutrient release, including ammonium, is mainly linked to the mineralization of organic matter, while the release of phosphate is delayed. The delay could be the result of phosphate association with organic matter and/or its co-precipitation with calcium and iron.