The impact of legislation on the usage and environmental concentrations of Irgarol 1051 in UK coastal waters

In 2001, legislative measures were introduced in the UK to restrict usage of antifouling agents in small (<25 m) vessel paints to dichlofluanid, zinc pyrithione and zineb. This removed the previously popular booster biocides diuron and Irgarol 1051 from the market. To investigate the impact of this legislation, water samples were taken from locations where previous biocide levels were well documented. Results from analyses demonstrate a clear reduction in water concentrations of Irgarol 1051 (between 10% and 55% of that found during pre-restriction studies), indicating that legislation appears to have been effective. Although other booster biocides were screened for (chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and Sea-Nine 211), they were below the limits of detection (<1 ng/l) in all samples. A survey of chandlers and discussions with legislative authorities supports these results and concurs the removal of Irgarol 1051 based paints from the market using simple regulations at a manufacturer level with little regulation at a retailer level.     

Fate and tidal transport of butyltin and mercury compounds in the waters of the tropical Bach Dang Estuary (Haiphong, Vietnam)

In this work, two field campaigns were performed in July 2008 (wet season) and March 2009 (dry season) to produce original data on the concentration, partition and distribution of mercury and butyltin compounds along the tropical Bach Dang Estuary located in North Vietnam (Haiphong, Red River Delta). The results demonstrate that mercury and butyltin speciation in the surface waters of this type of tropical estuary is greatly affected by the drastic changes in the seasonal conditions. During high river discharge in the wet season, there was a large estuarine input of total Hg and tributyltin, while the longer residence time of the waters during the dry season promotes increasing MMHg formation and TBT degradation. Although most of the Hg and TBT is transported into the estuary from upstream sources, tidal cycle measurements demonstrate that this estuary is a significant source of TBT and MMHg during the wet (～3kgTBT/day) and dry (～3gMMHg/day) seasons.     

嫦娥五号探测器月面采样封装任务的定位精度

嫦娥五号是中国首个实施无人月面取样返回的月球探测器。为了确保采样封装任务的定位精度,需要对采样封装任务进行高精度的整体几何检校。本文提出了附有立体约束和机械臂运动约束条件的联合平差检校模型。经过内场试验验证本文提出的检校方法具有较高的精度。在模拟采样试验中能够获得5.118 mm的平均定位误差,在月面采样任务中能够获得4.745 mm的平均定位误差。有效保障了嫦娥五号探测器精准地完成月面自动采样封装任务。     

GPS在雅砻江卡拉电站滑坡监测中的应用

GPS技术在变形测量领域有许多成功的应用,在适当条件下,它能够实现自动化连续观测,能够实时提供高精度的三维坐标。但是,对于视场狭窄卫星信号遮挡严重的峡谷地区,如何利用GPS进行高精度变形测量,还需要根据实际情况进行探讨。文中结合雅砻江卡拉电站滑坡变形监测的过程,探讨该项目中GPS变形测量方案的设计和数据处理过程,结果表明监测精度达到了设计要求。     

基于影像的明长城资源田野调查技术

明长城资源调查采用了基于影像的田野调查技术。该技术主要包括两部分,一是通过影像进行田野调查任务分配、路线规划、属性和定位信息的标示;二是通过田野调查数据采集系统数字著化录了田野调查成果。历时3年的明长城资源田野调查工作证实,该技术科学、高效、可操作性强。     

松辽盆地庆深气田异常氢同位素组成成因研究

对松辽盆地徐家围子断陷庆深气田天然气组分、碳氢同位素和稀有气体同位素的分析表明,天然气以烷烃气为主,烷烃气碳同位素组成随着碳数增加呈变轻趋势,且δ13C1＆gt;-30‰, R/Ra一般大于1.0,δ13CCO2值介于-16.5‰~-5.1‰之间;氢同位素组成δD1=-205‰~-197‰,平均值为-203‰,δD2=-247‰~-160‰,平均值为-195‰,δD3=-237‰~-126‰,平均值为-163‰,且存在氢同位素组成倒转现象,即δD1＆gt;δD2＆lt;δD3。根据对庆深气田天然气不同地球化学特征分析,认为该气田烷烃气中重烃主要为有机成因,而 CH4有相当无机成因混入。庆深气田烷烃气氢同位素组成具有 CH4变化小,而重烃（δD2,δD3）变化大的特点。根据与朝阳沟地区天然气烷烃气氢同位素组成对比分析,认为 CH4主要表现为无机成因,而重烃气（δD2,δD3）主要为有机成因,且无机成因CH4氢同位素组成重于有机成因CH4。     

一种应变片式地应力仪的研制

我们苏州地区、苏州市及有关县的同志,在江苏省地震局的帮助下,针对目前土应力仪存在的一些问题,进行了应变片式地应力仪的研制。经多次试验,最后选用硬质聚氯乙烯塑料做探头外壳,用应变片作传感元件。 用聚氯乙烯材料作探头外壳有以下优点:①杨氏模量比金属小,弹性好;②耐腐蚀,寿命     

Effect of elevation resolution on evapotranspiration simulations using MODFLOW

Surface elevations represented in MODFLOW head-dependent packages are usually derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) that are available at much high resolution. Conventional grid refinement techniques to simulate the model at DEM resolution increases computational time, input file size, and in many cases are not feasible for regional applications. This research aims at utilizing the increasingly available high resolution DEMs for effective simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) in MODFLOW as an alternative to grid refinement techniques. The source code of the evapotranspiration package is modified by considering for a fixed MODFLOW grid resolution and for different DEM resolutions, the effect of variability in elevation data on ET estimates. Piezometric head at each DEM cell location is corrected by considering the gradient along row and column directions. Applicability of the research is tested for the lower Rio Grande (LRG) Basin in southern New Mexico. The DEM at 10 m resolution is aggregated to resampled DEM grid resolutions which are integer multiples of MODFLOW grid resolution. Cumulative outflows and ET rates are compared at different coarse resolution grids. Results of the analysis conclude that variability in depth-to-groundwater within the MODFLOW cell is a major contributing parameter to ET outflows in shallow groundwater regions. DEM aggregation methods for the LRG Basin have resulted in decreased volumetric outflow due to the formation of a smoothing error, which lowered the position of water table to a level below the extinction depth.     

西安地基ＧＰＳ水汽解算系统及初步应用

介绍全球定位系统(GPS)地基遥感水汽的基本原理和方法;水汽解算的三类基本资料条件,即GPS原始观测资料、匹配的气象观测资料、GPS水汽解算参数资料;西安地基GPS水汽解算系统技术基础和架构。系统由资料传输转换前处理、水汽解算核心、后处理产品显示三大模块组成。利用GPS水汽反演资料,分析西安2010年降水天气过程,归纳出峰点前置、喇叭口、锥形、大值区相近等特征,可应用于天气分析与预报业务中。     

岩浆岩砾石磨圆度地质意义的研究

定量地质学的兴起促进了地球科学的快速发展,但是国内外对砾石磨圆度与搬运距离之间定量关系的研究长期以来没有明显的进展。本次研究通过对永定河、碓臼峪、滦河和大石河四条河流进行系统的野外考察,从河流的出山口开始向下游设定考察点,详细描述各考察点砾石的磨圆度、粒度特征并进行统计分析,对岩浆岩砾石磨圆度与搬运距离的定量关系以及磨圆度的影响因素进行了研究。研究发现,岩浆岩砾石的磨圆度随着搬运距离的增大而变好,在搬运的初期变化最快,而后逐渐缓慢下来,最终磨圆度趋于稳定。岩浆岩砾石由棱角状变为次棱角状一般需要搬运3~6 km,由次棱角状变为次圆状一般要搬运12~21 km,圆状砾石大量出现至少要搬运22~31 km。砾石的磨圆度受搬运距离、母岩成分、粒度和破碎作用的影响。棱角状、次棱角状砾石容易被磨蚀,在搬运初期转化为次圆状、圆状,而圆状砾石不易磨蚀达到极圆状;岩浆岩砾石磨圆速度比石英快,比石灰岩慢;相同母岩成分的砾石,粗粒砾石比细粒砾石磨圆快;破碎作用则会降低砾石的磨圆度,使部分砾石呈现出与搬运距离不协调的磨圆特征。