华北克拉通怀安陆块新太古代低铝和高铝TTG片麻岩的地球化学特征与成因

英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩(简称TTG)是太古宙高级变质地体的主要物质组成,对深入理解早期大陆生长及其机制具有重要的科学意义。目前,人们对其成因过程与机制仍有不同认识。本文以怀安陆块中广泛分布的TTG片麻岩为例,探讨其成因演化和机制。研究区位于华北克拉通中北部,主要由新太古代英云闪长岩及少量奥长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩组成。我们从该区识别出富硅富重稀土和负铕异常的低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩,形成时代与广泛分布的高铝TTG质片麻岩一致(锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄2.53Ga)。岩石地球化学数据显示,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩的主量元素具有富SiO 2(76%~79%),低Al2O3(11.01%~12.61%)、CaO(1.27%~1.59%)、MgO(0.74%~0.24%)和Mg#(18~53)等特征,而广泛分布的高铝TTG岩系的主量元素含量变化大,例如,SiO 2=63%~77%、Al2O3=13.2%~17.77%、CaO=1.8%~5.78%、MgO=0.18%~3.84%和Mg#=35~64。微量元素方面,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩具有Eu/Eu*负异常(除1个样品为弱正异常1.38外,其余样品分布在0.59~0.44),富集重稀土((La/Yb)N=4~7,(Gd/Yb)N=0.36~1.27),而高铝TTG岩系从弱负铕异常到正异常(Eu/Eu*=0.8~5.35),轻重稀土分馏明显((La/Yb)N=10~103、(Gd/Yb)N=1.97~5.72)。在微量蛛网图中二者的区别除重稀土明显存在区别外,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩显示出Ba、Sr的相对亏损,而高铝TTG岩系则相反。二者Lu/Hf比值差异明显,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩变化在0.1~0.16,而高铝TTG岩系变化在0.01~0.07。在Lu/Hf与相关元素以及SiO 2与相关元素哈克图解中,二者差异更加明显,表明它们之间不存在直接的成因联系。综合锆石U-Pb、Lu-Hf同位素特征以及岩石地球化学特征,我们认为低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩是低压下由新太古代新生基性地壳物质低程度部分熔融而成,源区残留矿物相以辉石+斜长石为主,岩浆可能存在过独居石的分异作用。高铝TTG岩系主要由新生基性地壳在相对高压下部分熔融而成,源区残留相以石榴石+辉石+角闪石以及无或少量斜长石为特征。岩浆经历过角闪石和辉石分离结晶作用,铕正异常增大的现象可能与斜长石堆晶有关。本区同时形成高铝和低铝TTG岩系的机制还需深入研究。俯冲机制、地幔柱机制以及二者共同作用等机制均能解释TTG的成因。依据本区同期还形成大量辉长质-闪长质岩浆和稍晚(2.5~2.45Ga)形成的钾质花岗岩类岩浆的侵入活动,我们认为本区高铝和低铝TTG岩系分别来自底侵作用导致的下地壳不同深度不同程度的部分熔融有关。引起底侵作用的机制可能与地幔柱或地幔柱与板块俯冲共同作用有关。     

西藏北冈底斯扎独顶A型花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

西藏北冈底斯早白垩世花岗岩分布广泛;扎独顶岩体作为其中的一个典型代表,其分布广泛,呈岩基型式产出,在岩性上属二长花岗岩。在岩石化学上扎独顶岩体具有富Si O2(70.05%~74.97%)和K2O(4.09%~5.35%),贫Ca O(0.93%~2.19%)、Ti O2(0.22%~0.52%)和Al2O3(12.81%~14.24%)的特征;属于准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.99~1.0)高钾钙碱性系列。岩体稀土元素总量偏高(∑REE=199.36×10-6~247.91×10-6),相对富集轻稀土元素(LREE/HREE=5.82~6.88),Eu负异常明显(δEu=0.30~0.45),球粒陨石标准化分布模式呈向右缓倾的V型。微量元素显示其富集Rb、Th、K、Zr和Hf,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ba、P和Ti,(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)平均值为427.63。全岩锆石饱和温度(828~838°C)表明岩浆形成温度高。上述岩石地球化学特征表明扎独顶岩体为A型花岗岩。扎独顶岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(103.8±1.0)Ma,表明其形成于早白垩世晚期;在构造判别图解上位于碰撞后的A2型花岗岩区,是在碰撞后岩石圈伸展背景下,由于软流圈物质上涌导致岩石圈地幔与壳源熔体部分熔融并经历过一定程度的混合作用而形成的。     

The macroinfauna of the Galician sandy beaches (NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil-spill

Eighteen sandy beaches were sampled along the 1659 km of the Galician coast (NW Spain) six months after the Prestige oil-spill to study the impact of the fuel and the clean-up activities on the macroinfauna community. A transect was extended at each beach, from above the drift line to below the swash line at five sampled levels; at each level six 0.05 m2 replicates were taken to a depth of 30 cm and sieved through a 1mm mesh, and the organisms collected and preserved. Results were compared with previous data obtained using the same procedures. The macroinfauna was numerically dominated by the amphipod Pontocrates arenarius, the isopod genus Eurydice, the polychaete Scolelepis squamata, and the amphipod Talitrus saltator. As a result of the Prestige oil-spill and the clean-up activities, beach populations were reduced, with Eurydice and S. squamata as the most affected taxa.     

Historical and ecological analysis of coral communities in Castle Harbour (Bermuda) after more than a century of environmental perturbation

The coral reefs in Bermuda's Castle Harbour basin have been subjected to varying anthropogenic stressors for over 100 years. These include restriction of water flow through the construction of a causeway in the late 19th century and an extensive dredging and land reclamation operation during World War II. In the 1970s, disposal of bulk waste commenced at a foreshore reclamation site in Castle Harbour. Since 1996 the waste stream has included blocks of cement-stabilized municipal incinerator ash. This study provides a historical and quantitative ecological review of the Castle Habour reef ecosystem as a case study, assessing the responses of the reef to more than a century of anthropogenic disturbance. Measures of the coral community, flow rates, turbidity and sedimentary regimes suggest the present structure of the coral community largely reflects the impacts of the historic dredge and fill operations prior to the establishment of the foreshore dump site. Recent increases in the abundance of some sediment tolerant, massive reef-building coral species (Diploria strigosa and Montastraea cavernosa) suggest adaptation to chronic sediment stress.     

Blooms of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula in coastal Queensland, Australia: disparate sites, common factors

During the last decade there has been a significant rise in observations of blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula along the east coast of Queensland, Australia. Whether the increase in cyanobacterial abundance is a biological indicator of widespread water quality degradation or also a function of other environmental change is unknown. A bioassay approach was used to assesses the potential for runoff from various land uses to stimulate productivity of L. majuscula. In Moreton Bay, L. majuscula productivity was significantly (p<0.05) stimulated by soil extracts, which were high in phosphorus, iron and organic carbon. Productivity of L. majuscula from the Great Barrier Reef was also significantly (p<0.05) elevated by iron and phosphorus rich extracts, in this case seabird guano adjacent to the bloom site. Hence, it is possible that other L. majuscula blooms are a result of similar stimulating factors (iron, phosphorus and organic carbon), delivered through different mechanisms.