Chronological and Geochemical Characterisitics of Volcanic Rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Southern Songliao Basin: Constraints on the Early Cretaceous Evolution of the Songliao Basin

The discoveries of oil and gas reservoirs in the volcanic rocks of the Songliao Basin(SB) have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the lack of studies on the genesis of the volcanic rocks has led to different opinions being presented for the genesis of the SB. In order to solve this problem, this study selected the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Southern Songliao Basin(SSB) as the research object, and determined the genesis and tectonic setting of the volcanic rocks by using LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and a geochemical analysis method(major elements, trace elements, and Hf isotopes). The volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation are mainly composed of rhyolites with minor dacites and pyroclastic rocks. Our new zircon U-Pb dating results show that these volcanic rocks were erupted in the Early Cretaceous(113–118 Ma). The primary zircons from the rhyolites have εHf(t) values of +4.70 to +12.46 and twostage model age(TDM2) of 876–374 Ma. The geochemical data presented in this study allow these rhyolites to be divided into I-type rhyolites and A-type rhyolites, both of which were formed by the partial melting of the crust. They have SiO2 contents of 71.62 wt.%–75.76 wt.% and Al2 O3 contentsof 10.88 wt.% to 12.92 wt.%. The rhyolites have distinctively higher REE contents than those of ordinary granites, with obvious negative Eu anomalies. The light to heavy REE fractionation is not obvious, and the LaN/YbN(average value = 9.78) is less than 10. The A-type rhyolites depleted in Ba, Sr, P, and Ti, with relatively low Nb/Ta, indicating that the rocks belong A2 subtype granites formed in an extensional environment. The adakitic dacites are characterized by high Sr contents(624 to 1,082 ppm), low Y contents(10.6 to 12.6 ppm), high Sr/Y and Sr/Yb ratios, and low Mg# values(14.77 to 36.46), indicating that they belong to "C" type adakites. The adakitic dacite with high Sr and low Yb were likely generated by partial melting of the lower crust under high pressure conditions at least 40 km depth. The I-type rhyolites with low Sr and high Yb, and the A-type rhyolites with very low Sr and high Yb, were formed in the middle and upper crust under low pressure conditions, respectively. In addition, the formation depths of the former were approximately 30 km, whereas those of the latter were less than 30 km. The geochemical characteristics reveal that the volcanic rocks of Yingcheng Formation were formed in an extensional environment which was related to the retreat of subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate. At the late Early Cretaceous Period, the upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle and the lithosphere delamination caused by the retreat of the subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate, had resulted in lithosheric extension in the eastern part of China. Subsequently, a large area of volcanic rocks had formed. The SB has also been confirmed to be a product of the tectonic stress field in that region.     

羌塘盆地胜利河油页岩芳烃分布特征及意义

羌塘盆地沉积了多套富含有机质的海相黑色岩系。虽然针对黑色岩系的研究取得了系列成果,但关于胜利河油页岩的沉积环境、有机质来源、热演化程度和生物降解程度等系列问题仍需要进一步讨论。本文针对胜利河油页岩开展了芳烃色谱、质谱分析,讨论胜利河油页岩中芳烃化合物分布特征和意义。研究结果显示:1)胜利河油页岩样品中含有154种芳烃类化合物,其中含量最高的是菲系列化合物,其次是芴系列化合物,其他系列化合物含量较少;芳烃化合物分布具有典型前锋型特征。2)芳烃化合物组成以及相对丰度指示胜利河油页岩生油母质主要来源于低等海生生物,同时检测到一定含量源自于高等植物先质的1,2,5-TMNr、1,2,5,6-TeMNr、海稀松和联苯等化合物,表明高等植物对胜利河油页岩形成有一定贡献,但极其有限。3)高丰度的硫芴和9-甲基菲系列化合物显示胜利河油页岩形成于高还原条件的海相环境,同时O/(O+C)芴系列与S/(S+C)芴系列关系图、硫芴系列/氧芴系列与Pr/Ph关系图也证实了这一点。4)MPI_1、R_c、BF/BeP、4-MDBT/ΣMDBT、DBT/(DBT+MDBT)等成熟度参数综合显示胜利河油页岩处于低成熟—成熟阶段。     

论鸟类飞行的起源

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The MM5 and its four dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system are used in this paper. Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, the authors generate an optimal initial condition for a typhoon by using the bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. BDA is able to recover many of the structural features of typhoons including a warm-core vertex, the correct center position, and the strong circulation.As a result of BDA using a bogus surface low, dramatic improvement is achieved in the 72 h prediction of typhoon Herb. Through several cases, the initialization by BDA effectively generates the harmonious inner structure of the typhoon, but which is lacking in the original analysis field. Therefore the intensity forecast is improved greatly. Some improvements are made in the track forecast, but more work still needs to be done.     

青海盐湖资源开发应发展循环经济型生产模式

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2004年10月23日,日本新县中越地区发生M7.0强烈地震,造成了人员伤亡和财产损失。综合介绍了这次地震的破坏情况和对日本社会、经济的影响,日本政府应急救援工作,发震和构造背景及历史地震记录和这次地震的经验教训及启示。概述了日本的地震管理和应急救援体制,地震预报计划的沿革,日本推进地震调查研究的方针政策以及对日本地震防灾体系的评价等情况。