Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in water, sediment and mussels from the Cantabrian Sea (North Spain)

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as significant global environmental pollutants with persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of PFCs in water (wastewater, submarine emissaries and port-waters), sediment and transplanted mussels in estuarine areas of high urban and industrial impact from Northern Spain. Five PFCs of industrial use were studied: perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, perfluorobutanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate acid and perfluorononanoate acid. After selective extraction, samples were analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. ΣPFCs ranged from 0.06 to 10.9 ng/L in water, with higher levels in wastewater treatment plants effluents and port waters than in submarine emissaries. Little accumulation was observed in sediments and mussels with ΣPFCs ranging from 0.01-0.13 ng/g dw and 0.01-0.06 ng/g ww, respectively. Most ubiquitous compounds were PFOS and PFOA. Mass fluxes of PFCs to the Cantabrian Sea are estimated and the impact to the coastal ecosystem is discussed.     

黑云母片麻岩—H2O系统在0.1—0.2GPa压力下的熔融实验

本文提出了冀东黑云母片麻岩—H2O系统在0.1一0.2GPa压力下熔融买验的相关系。其固相线温度分別为0.1GPa时762℃,0.2GPa时712℃。黑云母消失的温度分別为0.1GPa时787℃,0.2GPa时737℃,石英消失的温度分别为0.1GPa时837.℃,0.2GPa时787.℃。采用Burn-ham模型计算的在液相线温度下岩浆饱和水的含量分別为0.1GPa时3.8%与0.2GPa时5.8%。根据实验结果以及早前寒武纪时冀东陆壳的古地温可知,该区早前寒武纪角阿岩相岩石分布的地区广泛出现的混合岩化作用应主要归因于陆壳岩石(黑云母片麻岩等)的局部熔融作用。由实验结果以及现代冀东陆壳的地温可推知,壳内低速层可能不是由岩石局部熔融所引起,而是由岩石中含有隙间水流体引起。     

Estuarine ecological risk based on hepatic histopathological indices from laboratory and in situ tested fish

Juvenile Senegalese soles were exposed through 28-day laboratory and field (in situ) bioassays to sediments from three sites of the Sado estuary (W Portugal): a reference and two contaminated by metallic and organic contaminants. Fish were surveyed for ten hepatic histopathological alterations divided by four distinct reaction patterns and integrated through the estimation of individual histopathological condition indices. Fish exposed to contaminated sediments sustained more damage, with especial respect to regressive changes like necrosis. However, differences were observed between laboratory- and field-exposed animals, with the latest, for instance, exhibiting more pronounced fatty degeneration and hepatocellular eosinophilic alteration. Also, some lesions in fish exposed to the reference sediment indicate that in both assays unaccounted variables produced experimental background noise, such as hyaline degeneration in laboratory-exposed fish. Still, the field assays yielded results that were found to better reflect the overall levels of contaminants and physico-chemical characteristics of the tested sediments.     

冀西北赤城太古代英云闪长质、花岗闪长质片麻岩的地球化学

作者通过对冀西北张家口-赤城地区广泛出露的所谓混合岩化黑云斜长片麻岩的地质、矿物、岩石和地球化学研究，确定了它们是太古代的英云闪长质、花岗闪长质片麻岩，并且认为它们不是变质的火山-沉积岩，而是地壳中先存的镁铁质角闪岩或麻粒岩的重熔岩浆在固结或半固结状态下被长英质麻粒岩部分熔融产生的熔浆混合、交代形成的产物。     

膏盐环境原油中一种新的脱氧叶红初卟啉（C32DPEP-6）

地质体物质中卟啉的检出以及由叶绿素到石油卟啉演化模式的提出，增加了研究这些化石色素作为生物标志化合物的兴趣。研究表明，从原油、页岩、煤和沥青中分离的石油卟啉，主要是由脱氧叶红初卟啉(DPEP)和初卟啉(Aetio)的镍、钒络合物组成，次     

以伊丽莎白港为例看南非的种族隔离计划

本文试图以伊丽莎白港为例分析南非城市的法定种族隔离的形成过程。在1950年——1985年间,这个实有不公正种族隔离的殖民地城市,实际上已发展成为由政府策划者自认的不同人种的完全隔离区。土地使用条例的限制和人口流动对城市的外观和组织结构产生了深刻的影响,并必将严重影响到未来的规划。     

从陆地卫星数据资料计算天然辐射值

一般在分析陆地卫星的影像数据时,是利用记录在计算机兼容磁带上的每个象元的数字来实现的,虽然,对于单一象元来说,这一方法是令人满意的;但是,如果在分析或使用多象元来作镶嵌或多次重叠使用时,则这一方法可能产生错误的结果。应该将每个象元值转换成它们相应的具有等效物理量纲的数值（即具有物理意义的数字）。例如（1）辐射强度,即在卫星轨道上测到的辐射能量,量纲为每（立体）弧度,每平方厘米的毫瓦数值(mWcm^-2)或（2）反射率。这些数值的变化取决于:依据每颗卫星在一定的时间、太阳高度角、大气状态、地形走向和坡度、以及地面覆盖类型等,对多波段扫描仪的核准。大气的核准必不可少,但是,已超出本文的目的和范围。对于陆地卫星1、2和3号的目前五个波段是在忽略大气校正的情况下,用给定的方程计算辐射强度值和反射率的。本文的一个例子中,可以看出不同的卫星计算出的辐射强度和反射率有很大的不同。在分析陆地卫星资料时,把陆地卫星数据表达为天然辐射值,将减少错误。