Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between water and particles compared to bioaccumulation in mussels: a harbour case

Water and particles from three sites located in Halifax Harbour, near and further away from combined municipal sewage effluents (CMSE) were analysed for parental and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (par and alkPAH). Bioavailability of PAH was compared for inter-tidal mussels collected at the same sites in April and November. The PAH fingerprint determined over 9 sampling times covering a period of 19 months differed more between phases (water and particles) and seasons, than between sites. In the spring, more alkPAH associated with diesel and gasoline were detected in the soluble phase, along with more bioaccumulation of alkPAH in inter-tidal mussels. A broader number of parPAH were detected in mussels collected in the fall. The mean sum of dissolved alkPAH concentrations was higher in water at the site closer to raw CMSE than at the other two sites and particles of that site. However, lowest bioconcentration factors (BCF) were determined in mussels of this more contaminated site. Similar biota-particle accumulation factors (BPAF) were determined for parPAH in mussels from the three sites, all lower than the BCF of alkPAH. The study indicates that sewage treatment plants will reduce the amount of parPAH especially larger than fluoranthene and pyrene from being deposited in the harbour; that alk naphthalenes and fluorenes present in water will continue to be discharged; that the disturbance of sediments can make particle-bound PAH available to mussels.     

Differential sensitivity of flounder (Platichthys flesus) in response to oestrogenic chemical exposure: an issue for design and interpretation of monitoring and research programmes

This study was conducted as an initial investigation of 'differential response' in one of the main sentinel organisms used for monitoring programmes in United Kingdom estuaries, the flounder Platichthys flesus. It has been hypothesised that monitoring using species with a wide geographical spread and limited migration, such as flounder, might result in the comparison of different genetic stocks and certainly of populations with differing early life stage contaminant exposure histories. Furthermore, it is probable that these pre-exposure and genetic differences could manifest themselves in an ability to respond differently to contaminant exposure, so-called 'differential response'. It is important that the extent and nature of this response is understood, if we want to be able to fully interpret the monitoring data from such programmes. During this study, flounder were collected from four separate sources; wild caught fish from the estuaries of the Rivers Alde, Mersey and Tyne, and farmed flounder from Port Erin Farm, Isle of Man. Under controlled laboratory conditions, groups of fish from each source were exposed to water-borne concentrations of the synthetic oestrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) at a nominal concentration of 50 ng/l. Plasma was taken from each male fish after 6 and 10 days exposure and analysed for the presence of vitellogenin (VTG) using an ELISA technique. Significant levels of VTG induction were evident in fish from all sources after both 6 and 10 days exposure. Flounder from the Mersey were the only fish with significantly elevated initial background levels of VTG (day 0) and this appeared to be reflected in that these specimens showed the highest induction response after day 6. However, after day 10, fish from all other sites had a slightly higher mean VTG than those from the Mersey which showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower mean plasma VTG. It is suggested that other differential responses may have been masked by the use of a high dose of EE2 which produced maximum induction in nearly all fish. The findings of the study are discussed in terms of implications for further research into the differential response issue and how the initial plasma VTG figures contribute to a time-series from the Mersey, Tyne and Alde estuaries.     

地图审校和错误修改的定义及其应用

地物的性质和位置是地图表示的两个基本要素。制图者对地物的反映,即是制图者关于地物的观念模型和地图符号的超前表象。根据观念模型与地图符号的距离函数,定义地图符号的正确或错误。发现地图符号的错误并标注出来是地图审校的本质特征。地图符号的修改定义为地图符号从错误到正确的变换。地图审校和错误修改是传统和现代地图制图中确保地图质量的通用模式。     

多类资料计算南海重力垂直梯度的方法比较

重力垂直梯度在解决和解释地球表层地质和地球物理问题中的作用日益明显,因而获得其模型和分布是非常必要的。利用测高卫星可以得到空间大范围高精度、高分辨率的垂线偏差、重力异常以及大地水准面数据,利用测高重力资料和地球重力场模型,采用不同方法分别计算了南海海域重力垂直梯度,并对它们进行了比较。     

放养密度对大杂交鲟生长性能的影响及生理应答机制

为探讨放养密度对鱼类生长及生理应答机制的影响规律和作用,作者以大规格大杂交鲟(达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)♀×施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)♂)为实验材料,研究了平均初始体质量约为243 g/尾,放养密度分别为6(SD1组)、9(SD2组)、12(SD3组)、15 kg/m3(SD4组)条件下,不同放养密度处理70 d后的实验鱼生长性能变化及生理应答机制。结果显示,放养密度对大杂交鲟肥满度影响不显著,SD2组鱼类具有最大的特定生长率和生长效率,随着放养密度增加,日增质量显著降低(P0.05),特定生长率和生长效率下降。测定了血液甲状腺素(T4)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)和皮质醇水平变化,发现放养密度能引起大杂交鲟3个血液生理指标发生显著改变;随着养殖时间推移,T3和皮质醇浓度显著升高,T4浓度显著下降(P0.05)。这些结果说明神经内分泌活动的变化引起大杂交鲟血液生理指标变化,进而影响实验鱼生长性能。因此,在该养殖条件下推荐的养殖密度为9 kg/m3。     

鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)β-肌动蛋白基因cDNA全序列与5′侧翼区的克隆与分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE法,分离、克隆鳜鱼β-肌动蛋白基因cDNA全序列,再用基因组步行法(Genome Walker)克隆鳜鱼β-肌动蛋白基因5'调控区.序列分析结果表明,鳜鱼β-肌动蛋白基因全长1897bp,其中5'-UTR长94bp,3'-UTR长675bp,编码区长1128bp,编码375个氨基酸.将所得序列与其它动物类群的β-肌动蛋白基因序列进行比较分析显示,鱼类、两栖类、鸟类、哺乳类等不同类群脊椎动物B-肌动蛋白氨基酸序列同源性均在96%以上,说明该基因在生物进化过程中高度保守.通过鳜鱼与其它脊椎动物β-肌动蛋白基因的核苷酸序列构建的进化树显示,脊椎动物β-肌动蛋白聚类成3个分支,鱼类β-肌动蛋白基因形成一个独立的分化群,说明鱼类β-肌动蛋白基因起源于-个共同祖先.克隆得到的鳜鱼β-肌动蛋白基因5'侧翼序列长1399bp,对其进行序列分析,在其起始密码字ATG上游200bp范围内发现含有CAAT box、CC(A/T)6GG(CArG box)、TATA box对转录调控起重要作用的顺式元件,同时在侧翼区也发现含有GC box、MYOD、YY1、SP1、GATA等多个潜在调控元件.鳜鱼β-肌动蛋白基因5'侧翼序列的克隆成功,为今后转基因鳜鱼的研究工作奠定了基础.     

中国东部海域活动构造定量研究若干问题探讨

晚更新世以来的活动构造与现代地质灾害密切相关,目前针对陆域活动构造的定量研究成果卓著,而在海域方面研究薄弱。本文综述了国内外有关海域活动构造的研究进展,提出了目前国内海域活动构造定量研究存在的主要问题。在研究实践的基础上,阐述了海域活动构造的主要研究方法、其定量研究的关键问题及解决方案,重点总结了海域活动构造区地震危险性定量评价的研究方案,并进一步探讨了海域活动构造自身因素的危险性定量评价的研究思路。     

秋季南黄海表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊分布

2007年秋季(10月)在黄海22个站位采集表层沉积物样品进行甲藻孢囊的种类鉴定与计数,本航次中共鉴定出33种(不包括2个未确定种),优势种是锥状斯克里普藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alex-andrium tamarense)和膝沟藻属(Gonyaulaxsp.)的种类。与东海和南海甲藻孢囊的同期丰度相比,黄海的相对较低,丰度范围为10~519个/cm3,平均108个/cm3。孢囊丰度总体分布趋势从北向南递增,最高丰度区出现在长江口以北(32°19′59.88″N,122°37′5.16″E),另外,在南黄海调查海域中,中部黄海冷水团区域孢囊丰度较高,膝沟藻成为该区域的优势种,密集中心达101个/cm3。有毒甲藻孢囊在沉积物表层聚集且分布广泛,有爆发赤潮的可能。     

Improvement in the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer and experimental justification based on Er0.01YbxY1 - 0.01 - xVO4 crystal

The improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is studied in the present work. The additional proportion coefficient between Stokes and anti-Stokes light intensities of quantum Raman scattering theory as compared with the classical Raman theory is introduced to successfully describe the anti-Stokes energy transfer. The theoretical formula for the improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is derived for the first time in this study. The correctness of introducing coefficient exp{ΔE / kT} from well-known Raman scatter theory is demonstrated also. Moreover, the experimental lifetime measurement in Er_0.01Yb_xY_{1 - 0.01 - x}VO₄ crystal is performed to justify the validity of our important improvement in the original phonon-assisted energy transfer theory for the first time.