晴天地表总辐射和净辐射瞬时值计算方法

以较为精确的大气辐射传输模式为基础,研制出晴天地表总辐射和净辐射瞬时值的计算方案。与以往的经验计算方法不同,该方案将辐射传输带模式的思路引入地面太阳辐射计算,并尽可能将大气中吸收和散射物质对太阳辐射的影响考虑进去,从而使该方法具有较好的精确性和普适性。在此基础上采用了Kokhanovsky等人提出的大气气溶胶反射率和透过率参数化方案,使得气溶胶对地面总辐射和净辐射的影响得到较好的处理。采用的自变量都是数值预报模式或卫星观测能提供的气象要素,因此该方案即可用于数值预报模式或陆面过程模式计算地表辐射平衡,又可以利用卫星观测或再分析资料估算地面太阳能资源分布。利用美国能源部三个大气辐射观测站点2005年全年的观测资料及欧洲宇航局提供的卫星反演气溶胶资料对计算方案进行了检验。结果表明,该方法十分精确,所有点的平均相对误差都小于6%,误差的均方差都小于0.3 W•m^-2。     

基于地基GPS遥感的大连地区大气水汽总量变化特征

基于大连地区地基GPS综合观测网遥感反演了大气水汽总量（PWV）,分析了大连地区PWV空间变化、逐月变化和日变化特征以及PWV变化与降水的关系,并利用大连本站2005-2011年的探空资料拟合了大连地区地面温度和大气加权平均温度的关系。结果表明：大连本站的PWV与探空积分的水汽含量相关系数达到0.988,均方根误差为2.5 mm。大连地区PWV南北分布比较均匀;PWV最大的月份为7-8月,最大月平均值约40 mm,PWV最小的月份为1月,最小月平均值小于4 mm;大连地区PWV春季和冬季日变化幅度约0.5 mm,夏季和秋季日变化幅度约1.3 mm。夏季和秋季的PWV日变化呈单峰型,春季和冬季的PWV日变化呈多峰型; 在降水发生前8 h 大气水汽总量有明显增加过程,对降水的发生有指示作用。     

华北平原冬小麦根系在土壤中的分布研究

小麦根系在土壤中的分布是准确量化植被与气候相互作用不可缺少的参数,也是小麦生产的科学管理和节水农业发展的重要科学依据。利用中国气象局固城生态环境与农业气象试验站大型根系观测系统,观测冬小麦“济麦-22”的根系参数,对根长、根长密度、根重密度和根系粗度在土壤中的垂直分布进行分析。结果表明：垂直方向上,冬小麦的根量（根长和根干重）随土壤深度增加呈减少分布。重旱、轻中旱、适宜和偏湿4种处理的根长垂直分布与自然对照的相关系数分别为0.91、0.29、0.90和0.86,其中重旱与自然对照的相关性最好,轻中旱较差。土壤水分可以影响冬小麦根系的生长。土壤水分充足时,有利于根系生长,使表层根系量增多,根干物质量增加;土壤水分亏缺时,则相反。轻度干旱有利于中下层根系的延伸生长。冬小麦的根长密度与根重密度的相关系数呈显著的正相关,根系粗度随土壤深度的增加减少。     

An analysis on the concentration characteristics of PM2.5 in Seoul,Korea from 2005 to 2012

PM2.5 is a big issue as it is considerably more harmful than other sizes of particulate matter. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 25 μg m^?3 as the daily average concentration, and 10 μg m^?3 per day as an annual average. To keep up with global trends, it is first necessary to understand the current status and characteristics of PM2.5 concentrations in Korea. Using the PM2.5 data measured by Seoul Metropolitan City from November 2005 to March 2012, the author analyzed its statistical characteristics and correlations with other air pollutants. For the time period from 2005 to 2012, the annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 27 μg m^?3, three times the WHO standard. Also, the daily average PM2.5 concentration of 215 days per year also exceeded the WHO standard. However, the number days exceeding the Korean daily average standard of 50 μg m^?3 to be enacted in 2014 was only three. PM2.5 concentration had a high correlation (r = 0.84) with PM10, and also showed high correlations with gaseous pollutants, such as SO₂, NO₂, and CO, but not O₃. This study suggests that the Korean government should strengthen their standard to match the criteria used by WHO.     

Weakening of Interannual Variability in the Summer East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet since the Mid-1990s

In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific(WNP) since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia(WNP-EA) before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.     

利用MSU序列研究高空大气温度变化的进展

美国NOAA卫星上搭载的微波大气探测仪MSU以及后续继承改进仪器AMSU,自1978年投入运行以来,已经积累了超过30年的全球大气温度的观测资料。近年来,国外学者通过仪器定标误差订正、卫星轨道衰减订正、观测时间差异导致的温度日变化订正、仪器间的相互定标处理等技术,发现并剔除了一些影响较大的非气候因素,提高了该序列资料的质量,并用于全球气候变化研究,特别是对流层和平流层近30年的温度变化研究,研究结果是对常规地面和探空资料分析结果的重要补充。本文对目前国际上3种常用的MSU序列资料集的定标误差、偏差订正和不同卫星上仪器观测序列的一致化处理方法进行了综合介绍,并比较分析了3种资料用于30年高空大气温度变化趋势分析的异同。     

内蒙古草地类型与生物量气候区划

根据内蒙古自治区1961—2007年107个气象站资料,利用梯度距离平方反比法,推算出内蒙古自治区湿润度的千米网格数据图形。结合内蒙古实际植被类型的分布规律,确定了内蒙古5种草原类型和6个产草量等级的气候区划指标。利用得到的气候区划指标,对湿润度栅格数据进行分级,绘制了内蒙古自治区天然草原草地类型和产草量地理分布的区划图。应用2007—2009年65个野外考察样点数据和2004—2008年49个生态观测站点的数据,对气候区划结果进行了可靠性验证,分析表明:内蒙古草原类型区划结果和实际的草原类型分布具有较好的一致性,可以用于内蒙古草原气候区划。针对各分区进行评述,并提出了合理布局的对策建议,研究结果可为内蒙古自治区农业结构调整及畜牧业生产优化布局提供参考。     

西北半干旱雨养农业区薯麦轮作FACE平台简介

在黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区薯麦轮作田地建立气象部门首家FACE系统(Free Air CO<,2>En-richment),即CO<,2>浓度的控制和监测系统平台,由中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所建在定西半干旱生态环境与试验基地.该平台由CO<,2>气体供应装置、控制系统、释放系统3大部分组成,它是利用计算机网络系统对平...     

石河子垦区日照时数变化及对农作物的影响

利用石河子气象站1961-2009年日照资料,用最小二乘法进行线性拟合.对日照时数年、季变化趋势进行分析,结果表明:近49 a来石河子垦区日照时数总体呈增加趋势,年日照时数以7 h/10a的速度增加.各季年际变化趋势从大到小依次为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,其中春季增加最为明显,平均每10a增加18.5 h.棉花、甜菜、玉米和油料等作物均为喜温喜光作物,日照时数的变化对其有较大影响,通过对四大作物的平均单产与相应年4_-11月的日照时数的分析,得出作物单产随日照时数增加而增加,并建立产量与日照的相关模型.     

On the sampling of airborne measurements of radiative properties of cloud fields: Results from International Cirrus Experiment (ICE), 1987

Summary During the first pilot phase of the International Cirrus Experiment (ICE) in September/October 1987 radiation measurements were carried out above and below broken cloud fields over the German Bight. Analyses of the measurements of 25.9.1987 (broken cumulus cloud field) showed an unexpected high absorption of solar radiation but not those of 28.9.1987 (stratocumulus/stratus cloud field). This might be explained by a partial negligence of cloud side factor under the viewing geometry of the pyranometer and other reasons. The light guide effect (leakage) within holes can account for the depletion of cloud reflectance and the enhancement of cloud transmittance at large cloud cover, as observed during the measurements on 28.9.1987. The fluctuation of the irradiances, which can be characterized by the intermittency parameter, has been related to the corresponding cloud cover by a regression equation. On the condition of similarity, this scaling parameter derived from sample measurements could be extrapolated to that of the whole cloud field. Thus, the estimation of the irradiance spectrum for the whole cloud field may be possible, from samples taken with aircraft and imaging data.With 5 Figures