2014年春季渤海浮游植物群落结构

基于2014年春季在渤海进行的水文、化学和生物方面的综合大面调查,研究了渤海浮游植物群落的结构特征,并结合文献资料,分析影响浮游植物群落结构形成的原因。结果显示：2014年渤海春季共鉴定浮游植物3门29属50种,以硅藻为主,还有少数甲藻和金藻。其中,硅藻门中圆筛藻属的种类最多,共12种,其次为角毛藻属,共5种。浮游植物总细胞丰度介于1.08×10⁴~181.09×10⁴个/m³,平均为25.47×10⁴个/m³。硅藻与甲藻细胞丰度比值为12：1,硅藻在物种数量和细胞丰度上均占有绝对优势,为渤海浮游植物的主要类群。浮游植物优势种主要为密联角毛藻（Chaetoceros densus）、斯氏几内亚藻（Guinardia striata）、具槽帕拉藻（Paralia sulcata）和夜光藻（Noctiluca scintillans）。渤海春季浮游植物群落多样性水平较低,且分布不均。渤海中部和渤海海峡海域由于单一优势种过量繁殖导致群落稳定性较差。与历史同期资料对比,渤海海域浮游植物群落出现明显的物种演替现象,角毛藻的优势地位显著性下降,斯氏几内亚藻首次在渤海大面调查中被记录为优势种。本研究为今后渤海环境生态系统和渔业资源变动的研究提供重要基础资料和参考依据。     

石窟围岩及其附属构筑物地震稳定性评价方法研究

以莫高窟为例探讨了挡墙加固型石窟围岩及其附属构筑物的地震稳定性评价方法 .认为对于大型的石窟群及其附属构筑物 ,其地震稳定性评价宜采用以动力分析方法为主 ,拟静力法为辅的双轨制方法 ,并提出了具体的评价思路和理论分析方法 .     

Behavior of soil plugs in open‐ended model piles driven into sands

Calibration chamber tests were conducted on open‐ended model piles driven into dried siliceous sands with different soil conditions in order to clarify the effect of soil conditions on load transfer mechanism in the soil plug. The model pile used in the test series was devised so that the bearing capacity of an open‐ended pile could be measured as three components: outside shaft resistance, plug resistance, and tip resistance. Under the assumption that the unit shaft resistance due to pile‐soil plug interaction varies linearly near the pile tip, the plug resistance was estimated. The plug capacity, which was defined as the plug resistance at ultimate condition, is mainly dependent on the ambient lateral pressure and relative density. The length of wedged plug that transfers the load decreases with the decrease of relative density, but it is independent of the ambient pressure and penetration depth. Under several assumptions, the value of earth pressure coefficient in the soil plug can be calculated. It gradually reduces with increase in the longitudinal distance from the pile tip. At the bottom of the soil plug, it tends to decrease with increase in the penetration depth and relative density, and to increase with the increase of ambient pressure. This may be attributed to (1) the decrease of friction angle as a result of increase in the effective vertical stress, (2) the difference in the dilation degree of the soil plug during driving with ambient pressures, and (3) the difference in compaction degree of soil plug during driving with relative densities. Based on the test results, an empirical equation was suggested to compute the earth pressure coefficient to be used in the calculation of plug capacity using one‐dimensional analysis, and it produces proper plug capacities for all soil conditions.     

山东棉花产量旱灾损失评估模型

采用统计方法,对棉花气象产量与气候因子进行统计分析,得到了各生育时段影响产量的主要降水因子和需水指标,从而根据当年的降水量对棉花产量因旱灾造成的损失程度进行评估,建立区域、省级棉花旱灾损失评估模型。     

我国螺旋度的研究及应用

对自20世纪90年代以来至今国内关于螺旋度理论及应用研究工作进行了较系统地总结,将螺旋度归类为垂直螺旋度、水平螺旋度及完全螺旋度,同时又将垂直螺旋度划分为局地垂直螺旋度和积分垂直螺旋度,详细介绍并给出了每一类螺旋度的计算表达式以及其在天气诊断分析中的应用状况,对螺旋度的应用研究现状进行了简单地分析与讨论,最后展望了未来螺旋度研究与应用的发展方向。     

渤海湾牡蛎礁的研究现状与保护建议

通过对渤海湾西北岸全新世牡蛎礁调查研究现状及成果的梳理,阐述了牡蛎礁的结构特征、时空分布和古环境要素:(1)牡蛎礁和上覆泥质沉积层具有"二元结构"特征;(2)在距今8270年以来,沿北西-南东方向包括现代活体牡蛎礁在内共分为10~14道礁群(其中有4道可视作亚礁群);(3)"礁泥转换"和礁体内部直立的正常建礁层与水平夹层所记录的缓变型和突变型的环境变化信息;(4)确定了牡蛎礁顶板可以作为海面标志点,以礁顶的实测高度、再增加"±0.7 m"的礁顶起伏误差范围,重建当时的海平面;(5)牡蛎壳体的同位素研究揭示了牡蛎生长的年度和季节性变化规律;(6)牡蛎礁体及岭地共同记录了海岸线变迁历史.以此为基础,介绍了牡蛎礁博物馆选址和现代活牡蛎的调查结果.最后,提出了牡蛎礁的保护和利用牡蛎礁进行生态海岸修复的建议.     

三维地震勘探技术在新疆沙吉海井田中的应用

针对沙吉海井田以往未开展过地震勘探,煤层多、局部间距小特点,介绍了研究区主要地震反射波与煤层对应关系.通过对T13、T12、T10、T6反射波研究,采用地震波阻抗反演技术对该区煤层厚度及煤层结构进行解释,查明井田构造形态和主要煤层赋存变化特征,取得了较好地震勘探效果.     

腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用

在沙坡头人工植被区对人工模拟降水及天然降水后生物土壤结皮层含水率进行了动态定位监测,并分析了生物土壤结皮拦截降水的作用.结果表明:①生物土壤结皮的发育改变了原来沙丘剖面的水分分配格局,10%～40%的年降水量被拦截到结皮层;②随固沙年限的增加,生物土壤结皮的进一步发育和演变,其对降水的拦截能力也进一步提高;③生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截有明显的季节变化,7～10月份平均拦截雨量比4～6月份平均高出12%.     

物质地理学的研究进展和启示：追踪物质(following the things)视角

伴随着“文化转向”与“再物质化”思潮的出现,物质地理学已经成为西方社会文化地理研究中新兴且活跃的研究分支之一,而追踪物质(following the things)是物质地理学中重要的方法论视角,它强调人文地理学所重视的“流动性”,通过追踪特定物质在流动过程中物质性的变化以及能动性,揭示物质流动中的社会关系与文化意义。论文通过梳理和分析西方学界中物质地理学的相关文献,阐述了近年来的研究进展,同时指出现阶段在追踪物质视角下该领域的主要议题为：物质的象征研究、物质与认同研究、生产与消费研究以及权力博弈与协商研究等内容。最后,论文归纳总结了当下物质地理学存在的研究局限与空白,展望了未来中国物质地理学研究可进一步探索的话题与方向,以期打开未来中国与西方国家物质地理学的对话窗口。     

Application of an optimum design technique for determining the coefficient of consolidation by using piezocone test data

For normally consolidated clay, several researchers have developed a number of theoretical time factors to determine the coefficient of consolidation from piezocone test results. However, depending on assumptions and analytical techniques, it could vary considerably, even for a specific degree of consolidation. In this paper a method is proposed to determine a consistent coefficient of consolidation by applying the concept of an optimum design technique over all ranges of the degree of consolidation. Initial excess pore pressure distribution is assumed to be capable of being obtained by the successive spherical cavity expansion theory. The dissipation of pore pressure is simulated by means of a two-dimensional linear-uncoupled axi-symmetric consolidation analysis. The minimization of differences between measured and predicted excess pore pressure was carried out by the BFGS unconstrained optimum design algorithm with a one-dimensional golden section search technique. By analyzing numerical examples and in-situ test results, it was found that the adopted optimum design technique gives consistent and convergent results.