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141.
The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
Global precipitation data sets with high spatial and temporal resolution are needed for many applications, but they were unavailable
before the recent creation of several such satellite products. Here, we evaluate four different satellite data sets of hourly
or 3-hourly precipitation (namely CMORPH, PERSIANN, TRMM 3B42 and a microwave-only product referred to as MI) by comparing
the spatial patterns in seasonal mean precipitation amount, daily precipitation frequency and intensity, and the diurnal and
semidiurnal cycles among them and with surface synoptic weather reports. We found that these high-resolution products show
spatial patterns in seasonal mean precipitation amount comparable to other monthly products for the low- and mid-latitudes,
and the mean daily precipitation frequency and intensity maps are similar among these pure satellite-based precipitation data
sets and consistent with the frequency derived using weather reports over land. The satellite data show that spatial variations
in mean precipitation amount come largely from precipitation frequency rather than intensity, and that the use of satellite
infrared (IR) observations to improve sampling does not change the mean frequency, intensity and the diurnal cycle significantly.
Consistent with previous studies, the satellite data show that sub-daily variations in precipitation are dominated by the
24-h cycle, which has an afternoon–evening maximum and mean-to-peak amplitude of 30–100% of the daily mean in precipitation
amount over most land areas during summer. Over most oceans, the 24-h harmonic has a peak from midnight to early morning with
an amplitude of 10–30% during both winter and summer. These diurnal results are broadly consistent with those based on the
weather reports, although the time of maximum in the satellite precipitation is a few hours later (especially for TRMM and
PERSIANN) than that in the surface observations over most land and ocean, and it is closer to the phase of showery precipitation
from the weather reports. The TRMM and PERSIANN precipitation shows a spatially coherent time of maximum around 0300–0600
local solar time (LST) for a weak (amplitude <20%) semi-diurnal (12-h) cycle over most mid- to high-latitudes, comparable
to 0400–0600 LST in the surface data. The satellite data also confirm the notion that the diurnal cycle of precipitation amount
comes mostly from its frequency rather than its intensity over most low and mid-latitudes, with the intensity has only about
half of the strength of the diurnal cycle in the frequency and amount. The results suggest that these relatively new precipitation
products can be useful for many applications. 相似文献
142.
Coastal Gravity Anomalies from Retracked Geosat/GM Altimetry: Improvement, Limitation and the Role of Airborne Gravity Data 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Cheinway Hwang Jinyun Guo Xiaoli Deng Hsin-Ying Hsu Yuting Liu 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(4):204-216
We process geophysical and waveform data records of the Geosat/GM (geodetic mission) satellite altimeter mission for waveform retracking and applications. An improved threshold retracker is developed. The performances of the Beta-5, threshold and improved threshold retrackers are assessed over waters around Taiwan. The improved threshold retracker outperforms the other two. The improvement in the accuracy of sea surface height (SSH) is investigated according to marine zone and the distance of waters to the shore. The improvement rate increases closer to the land, with the largest improvement rate of about 20% in waters within 10 km of the shore. Over waters around islands and coasts, there are still retracked SSHs with large errors. Least-squares collocation is used to compute gravity anomalies from the Geosat/GM altimeter data. Use of retracked SSHs improves the accuracy of gravity anomalies by about 11%. Adding airborne gravity data further improves the accuracy, especially in the immediate vicinity of the coasts. Tide model errors over coastal waters remain a problem in altimetry applications, even if the waveforms are properly retracked. 相似文献
143.
Effects of atmosphere-ocean interaction on the interannual variability of winter temperature in Taiwan and East Asia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated the ocean-atmosphere interaction effect on the winter surface air temperature in Taiwan. Temperature
fluctuations in Taiwan and marine East Asia correlated better with a SST dipole in the western North Pacific than the SST
in the central/eastern equatorial Pacific. During the warm (cold) winters, a positive (negative) SST anomaly appears in marine
East Asia and a negative (positive) SST anomaly appears in the Philippine Sea. The corresponding low-level atmospheric circulation
is a cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly over the East Asian continent and an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation in the Philippine
Sea during the warm (cold) winters. Based on the results of both numerical and empirical studies, it is proposed that a vigorous
ocean-atmosphere interaction occurring in the western North Pacific modulates the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon
and the winter temperature in marine East Asia. The mechanism is described as follows. The near-surface circulation anomalies,
which are forced by the local SST anomaly, strengthen (weaken) the northeasterly trade winds in the Philippine Sea and weaken
(strengthen) the northeasterly winter monsoon in East Asia during warm (cold) winters. The anomalous circulation causes the
SST to fluctuate by modulating the heat flux at the ocean surface. The SST anomaly in turn enhances the anomalous circulation.
Such an ocean-atmosphere interaction results in the rapid development of the anomalous circulation in the western North Pacific
and the anomalous winter temperature in marine East Asia. This interaction is phase-locked with the seasonal cycle and occurs
most efficiently in the boreal winters.
Received: 22 October 1999 / Accepted: 5 June 2000 相似文献
144.
145.
南极GRV 99027陨石是二辉橄榄岩质辉玻无球粒陨石(L-S)的火星陨石,具有嵌晶、非嵌晶和冲击熔融袋结构。矿物模式组成以橄榄石(55%)、辉石(37.5%)为主,有少量熔长石(6%)、铬铁矿(1.5%)以及微量白磷钙石、陨硫铁等。本文在阐述该陨石的岩石学和矿物化学特征的基础上进一步研究了稀土元素及氢同位素的地球化学特征。该陨石∑REE总量低;橄榄石及辉石以HREE富集为特征;熔长石富LREE,且具高正的δEu;副矿物白磷钙矿含量虽少(约0.2%),但具有极高的∑REE,LREE≈HREE,δEu负异常明显。GRV99027全岩稀土元素分配模式与L-S陨石的模式十分相似,而与SNC其它类型陨石的REE分配模式不同,反映不同类型火星陨石物质源区不同。火星陨石氢同位素以高δD为特征,各类含水矿物对陨石δD的贡献不同。陨石磷酸盐矿物中δD-水含量间一般没有正相关性,间或存有弱的负相关性。根据GRV99027陨石的矿物学模式,REE分配模式,及氢同位素特征,可以确定GRV99027陨石为L-S陨石。为了探讨GRV99027陨石的物质源区及演化历史,我们广泛收集了L-S火星陨石的Sr,Nd,Pb,Os和稀有气体同位素资料。GRV99027与同类L-S陨石的物质来源为原始火星幔源区;约4M a(溅射年龄)经天体强烈碰撞溅射,在宇宙空间经历不同时间的运行(宇宙射线暴露年龄不同),随后进入地球引力范围,先后陨落在南极。 相似文献
146.
利用10年高精度卫星测高海面高异常网格资料,联合EGM96稳态海面地形模型,构成南海海域合成海面地形的时间序列,并计算了各个时期的南海表层地转流场. 利用卫星跟踪漂流浮标观测结果与相应时期南海地转流场进行对比验证,结果显示本文结果可以很好地反映南海海域一些中小尺度的环流特征. 根据南海各季节多年平均表层环流场结构,对南海环流周年变化规律和季节特征进行了初步的探讨. 研究结果表明,南海表层环流始终处在不断演变过程之中,在时间和空间上都表现出明显的多尺度特征. 相似文献
147.
This work describes a laboratory plasma experiment and initial results which should give insight into the magnetic dynamics of accretion discs and jets. A high-speed multiple-frame CCD camera reveals images of the formation and helical instability of a collimated plasma, similar to MHD models of disc jets, and also plasma detachment associated with spheromak formation, which may have relevance to disc winds and flares. The plasmas are produced by a planar magnetized coaxial gun. The resulting magnetic topology is dependent on the details of magnetic helicity injection, namely the force-free state eigenvalue α gun imposed by the coaxial gun. 相似文献
148.
Distinct influential mechanisms of the warm pool Madden–Julian Oscillation on persistent extreme cold events in Northeast China 下载免费PDF全文
This study investigates whether and how the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) influences persistent extreme cold events (PECEs), a major type of natural disaster in boreal winter, over Northeast China. Significantly increased occurrence probabilities of PECEs over Northeast China are observed in phases 3 and 5 of the MJO, when MJO-related convection is located over the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, respectively. Using the temperature tendency equation, it is found that the physical processes resulting in the cooling effects required for the occurrence of PECEs are distinct in the two phases of the MJO when MJO-related convection is consistently located over the warm pool area. The PECEs in phase 3 of the MJO mainly occur as a result of adiabatic cooling associated with ascending motion of the low-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia. The cooling effect associated with phase 5 is stronger and longer than that in phase 3. The PECEs associated with phase 5 of the MJO are linked with the northwesterly cold advection of a cyclonic anomaly, which is part of the subtropical Rossby wave train induced by MJO-related convection in the tropical western Pacific.摘要 本文利用高分辨率气温数据和热带季节内振荡 (MJO) 实时指数, 研究了1979–2015年冬季MJO活动对中国东北持续性极端低温事件 (PECE) 的影响特征和机理.结果表明:当MJO对流分别位于暖池地区的东印度洋 (位相3) 和西太平洋 (位相5) 时, 中国东北PECE的发生频率显著增加.利用温度方程诊断分析发现MJO两个位相所导致的冷却过程不同: 当 MJO处于位相3时, 中国东北地区为低压异常, 上升运动引起绝热冷却作用; 而位相5所形成的气旋性环流为中国东北地区带来西北风冷平流, 降温过程更强且持续更长时间. 相似文献
149.
The objective of this study is to establish a multivariate watershed hydrologic system model involving meteorological data as the input and river flow as the output of the system. Monthly hydrological time series of runoff, temperature and precipitation were selected for analysis. A first-order autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) transfer function model was found adequate to describe the multivariate watershed hydrologic system for the monthly runoff and meteorological time series. The results also indicated that the coordinated use of the meteorological and hydrometric data would enhance the accuracy of estimation of runoff characteristics. 相似文献
150.