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81.
Characteristics of evapotranspiration from a permafrost black spruce forest in interior Alaska 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Taro Nakai Yongwon Kim Robert C. Busey Rikie Suzuki Shin Nagai Hideki Kobayashi Hotaek Park Konosuke Sugiura Akihiko Ito 《Polar Science》2013,7(2):136-148
Here, the year 2011 characteristics of evapotranspiration and the energy budget of a black spruce forest underlain by permafrost in interior Alaska were explored. Energy balance was nearly closed during summer, and the mean value of the daily energy balance ratio (the ratio of turbulent energy fluxes to available energy) from June to August was 1.00, though a large energy balance deficit was observed in the spring. Such a deficit was explained partly by the energy consumed by snowmelt. Ground heat flux played an important role in the energy balance, explaining 26.5% of net radiation during summer. The mean daily evapotranspiration of this forest during summer was 1.37 mm day?1 – considered typical for boreal forests. The annual evapotranspiration and sublimation yielded 207.3 mm year?1, a value much smaller than the annual precipitation. Sublimation accounted for 8.8% (18.2 mm year?1) of the annual evapotranspiration and sublimation; thus, the sublimation is not negligible in the annual water balance in boreal forests. The daytime average decoupling coefficient was very small, and the mean value was 0.05 during summer. Thus, evapotranspiration from this forest was mostly explained by the component from the dryness of the air, resulting from the aerodynamically rough surface of this forest. 相似文献
82.
Gravity and S-wave modelling across the Jan Mayen Ridge,North Atlantic; implications for crustal lithology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rolf Mjelde Inger Eckhoff Ståle Solbakken Shuichi Kodaira Hideki Shimamura Karl Gunnarsson Ayako Nakanishi Hajime Shiobara 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2007,28(1):27-41
The horizontal components from fourteen Ocean Bottom Seismometers deployed along four profiles focused along the western margin
of the Jan Mayen microcontinent, North Atlantic, have been modelled with regard to S-waves, based on P-wave models obtained
earlier. The seismic models have furthermore been constrained by 2D gravity modelling. High V
p/V
s-ratios (2.3–7.9) within the Cenozoic sedimentary section are attributed to significant porosities, whereas V
p/V
s-ratios in the order of 1.9–2.2 for the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks indicate shale-dominated lithology throughout
the area. The eastern side of the Jan Mayen Ridge is interpreted as a passive, volcanic margin, based on relatively high crustal
V
p/V
s-ratios (1.9), whereas lower V
p/V
s-ratios (1.75–1.8) suggest the presence of intermediate composition crust and non-volcanic margin on the western side of the
ridge. In the westernmost part of the Jan Mayen Basin, slightly increased upper mantle V
p/V
s-ratios may indicate some degree of serpentization of upper mantle peridotites. 相似文献
83.
Evolution and effect of the stress concentration and rock failure in the deep multi-seam coal mining 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mingwei Zhang Hideki Shimada Takashi Sasaoka Kikuo Matsui Linming Dou 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(3):629-643
Supports crushing accident occasionally occurs in the protected seam exploitation of deep multi-seam coal mining structure and results in adverse effect to the production. To prevent its recurrence in a newly developed working field, a 3D numerical extraction model was built based on the geologic and mining conditions of Jining coal mine to evolve the changes, state and characteristics of the reconstructed vertical and lateral stress in rock interlayer after protective seam exploitation. Stress release and increase zones of this mining structure were separated. Mining-induced localized stress concentration and the interlayer rock failure behavior were explored. The action of concentrated stress on the hydraulic supports in protected seam was discussed upon the major stress redistribution. Using the infinitesimal strain method, a mechanical model was created to further explore, from the vertical and lateral directions, the cause and mechanism of localized stress concentration and rock failure behavior in rock interlayer. The field investigation was finally performed to verify the numerical and mechanical results, and the essential control measures were proposed to prevent this accident. Key findings of this study bring some new insights into the deep multi-seam coal extraction and help to promote a more reliable underground mining. 相似文献
84.
Effects of structural walls on the elastic–plastic earthquake response of short- to medium-height reinforced concrete buildings were investigated. The analytical model consists of independent lumped mass systems representing walls and frames connected at each floor. The wall structure undergoes flexural as well as shear deformation and fails in shear at relatively small story drifts, the frames deforming only in shear. As a measure of structural damage, the ductility factor responses of frame structures were calculated for different combinations of base shear coefficients for the frames and walls. In buildings with relatively weak frames, the installation of structural walls did not improve the large plastic response of the frames up to the point where the walls were unfailed in shear and the ductility factors of the frame structure were suddenly reduced to a very small number. For relatively strong frames, however, the response displacements decreased gradually as the number of walls increased, whether or not the walls failed. Empirical formulas for the required base shear coefficients of the walls and frames which gave a target ductility factor response also were derived for two particular groups of accelerograms. These equations should be of practical use in designing frame-wall type buildings and in retrofitting damaged buildings. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
85.
Hirotsugu Minami Kazuya Tatsumi Akihiro Hachikubo Satoshi Yamashita Hirotoshi Sakagami Nobuo Takahashi Hitoshi Shoji Young Keun Jin Anatoly Obzhirov Nataliya Nikolaeva Alexander Derkachev 《Geo-Marine Letters》2012,32(5-6):525-534
The Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project (SSGH) is an international collaborative effort by scientists from Japan, Korea, and Russia to investigate natural gas hydrates (GHs) that have accumulated on the continental slope off Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea. From 2009 to 2011, field operations of the SSGH-09, -10, and -11 projects were conducted. GH-bearing and -free sediment cores were retrieved using steel hydro- and gravity corers. The concentrations of sulfate ions in sediment pore waters were measured to investigate sulfate concentration–depth profiles. Seventeen cores showed linear depth profiles of sulfate concentrations. In contrast, eight cores and two cores showed concave-up and -down profiles plausibly explained by sudden increase and decrease in methane flux from below, respectively, presumably caused by the formation of gas hydrate adjacent to the core sampling sites. 相似文献
86.
Harutaka Sakai Minoru Sawada Yutaka Takigami Yuji Orihashi Tohru Danhara Hideki Iwano Yoshihiro Kuwahara Qi Dong Huawei Cai Jianguo Li 《Island Arc》2005,14(4):297-310
Abstract Newly discovered peloidal limestone from the summit of Mount Qomolangma (Mount Everest) contains skeletal fragments of trilobites, ostracods and crinoids. They are small pebble-sized debris interbedded in micritic bedded limestone of the Qomolangma Formation, and are interpreted to have been derived from a bank margin and redeposited in peri-platform environments. An exposure of the Qomolangma detachment at the base of the first step (8520 m), on the northern slope of Mount Qomolangma was also found. Non-metamorphosed, strongly fractured Ordovician limestone is separated from underlying metamorphosed Yellow Band by a sharp fault with a breccia zone. The 40 Ar–39 Ar ages of muscovite from the Yellow Band show two-phase metamorphic events of approximately 33.3 and 24.5 Ma. The older age represents the peak of a Barrovian-type Eo-Himalayan metamorphic event and the younger age records a decompressional high-temperature Neo-Himalayan metamorphic event. A muscovite whole-rock 87 Rb–86 Sr isochron of the Yellow Band yielded 40.06 ± 0.81 Ma, which suggests a Pre-Himalayan metamorphism, probably caused by tectonic stacking of the Tibetan Tethys sediments in the leading margin of the Indian subcontinent. Zircon and apatite grains, separated from the Yellow Band, gave pooled fission-track ages of 14.4 ± 0.9 and 14.4 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively. These new chronologic data indicate rapid cooling of the hanging wall of the Qomolangma detachment from approximately 350°C to 130°C during a short period (15.5–14.4 Ma). 相似文献
87.
Minami?Abe Takahiro?Nagai Michiko?Kurihara Shinya?HashimotoEmail author 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2017,74(2):157-169
Methyl halides such as methyl chloride (CH3Cl) are known to be important carriers of halogen from the ocean to the atmosphere, and the halogens they release into the stratosphere by photolysis catalyze ozone depletion. Marine phytoplankton have been reported as a source of CH3Cl, but the effects of environmental temperature on the CH3Cl production by phytoplankton have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the effects of temperature on the production of CH3Cl in the culture of a marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum CCMP 630, incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C. CH3Cl concentrations in cultured samples were determined using purge and trap gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. Phytoplankton growth was monitored by measuring the chlorophyll a concentrations. CH3Cl production was observed for several weeks at four different temperatures ranging from 10 to 25 °C. The CH3Cl production from P. tricornutum was increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 25 °C, and the maximum production rate for CH3Cl was 0.21~0.26 μmol (g chlorophyll a)?1 d?1 at 25 °C, which was several times higher than that at 10 °C (~0.03 μmol (g chlorophyll a)?1 d?1). The Arrhenius equation was successfully used to characterize the effects of temperature on the production rates of CH3Cl in the culture of P. tricornutum. Our results suggest that water temperature directly affects CH3Cl production derived from P. tricornutum and that water temperature would be a significant factor for estimating the emissions of CH3Cl from marine environments. 相似文献
88.
Colin M. Graham John W. Valley John M. Eiler Hideki Wada 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,132(4):371-389
Using a recently developed ion microprobe technique, a detailed oxygen isotope map of calcite grains in a coarse-grained
marble has been constructed, supported by trace element (Mn, Sr, Fe) analysis and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, in order
to constrain scales of oxygen isotope equilibrium, timescales and mechanisms of metamorphic fluid infiltration, and fluid
sources and pathways. Results are compared with a previous study of this sample (Wada 1988) carried out using a cryo-microtome
technique and conventional oxygen isotope analysis. The marble, from the high temperature/low pressure Hida metamorphic belt
in north-central Japan, underwent granulite facies followed by amphibolite facies metamorphic events, the latter associated
with regional granite intrusion. The CL imaging indicates two types of calcite, a yellow luminescing (YLC) and a purple luminescing
(PLC) variety. The YLC, which occupies grain boundaries, fractures, replacement patches, and most of the abundant deformation
twin lamellae, post-dates the dominant PLC calcite and maps out fluid pathways. Systematic relationships were established
between oxygen isotope and trace element composition, calcite type and texture, based on 74 18O/16O and 17 trace element analyses with 20–30 μ m spatial resolution. The YLC is enriched in Mn and Fe, and depleted in 18O and Sr compared to PLC, and is much more 18O depleted than is indicated from conventional analyses. Results are interpreted to indicate infiltration of 18O-depleted (metamorphic or magmatic) fluid (initial δ18O = 9‰–10.5‰) along grain boundaries, fractures and deformation twin lamellae, depleting calcite grains in Sr and enriching
them in Mn and Fe. The sample is characterised by gross isotopic and elemental disequilibrium, with important implications
for the application of chromatographic theory to constrain fluid fluxes in metacarbonate rocks.
Areas of PLC unaffected by “short-circuiting” fluid pathways contain oxygen diffusion profiles of ∼10‰/∼200 μm in grain boundary
regions or adjacent to fractures/patches. When correction is made for estimated grain boundary/fracture and profile orientation
in 3D, profiles are indistinguishable within error. Modelling of these profiles gives consistent estimates of Dt (where D is the diffusion coefficient and t is time) of ∼0.8 × 10−8 m2, from which, using experimental data for oxygen diffusion in calcite, timescales of fluid transport along grain boundaries
at amphibolite facies temperatures of ∼103 to ∼104 years are obtained. These short timescales, which are much shorter than plausible durations of metamorphism, imply that
rock permeabilities may be transiently much higher during fluid flow than those calculated from time integrated fluid fluxes
or predicted from laboratory measurements. The preservation of 18O/16O profiles requires either rapid cooling rates (∼100–600 °C/million years), or, more plausibly, loss of grain boundary fluid
such that a dry cooling history followed the transient passage of fluid. The δ18O/trace element correlations are also consistent with volume diffusion-controlled transport in the PLC. Fluid transport and
element exchange occurred by two inter-related mechanisms on short timescales and on different lengthscales – long-distance
flow along cracks, grain boundaries and twin lamellae coupled to ∼200 μm-scale volume diffusion of oxygen.
Received: 8 December 1997 / Accepted: 18 May 1998 相似文献
89.
Chuan Zhang Haofang Yan Haibin Shi Hideki Sugimoto 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,121(3-4):207-214
A field experiment was conducted in a maize field in 2006 in an arid area of the Yellow River Basin in China. The daytime evapotranspiration (ETc) and soil evaporation beneath the maize canopy (E g) were measured by Bowen ratio energy balance method and micro-lysimeters, respectively. The results showed that the total ETc during maize growth season was 696 mm, and the maximum values occurred at about 90–140 days after sowing. The crop coefficient (K c), which was calculated from the ratio of ETc to reference evapotranspiration (ET0), was quite different from the values reported by other researchers in similar climate areas, with average values of 0.34, 0.47, 1.0 and 0.9 for initial, development, mid-season and late-season stages, respectively. High correlations between leaf area index (LAI) and average K c for every 4 days were obtained. The total E g was 201.4 mm with average values ranged from 0.92 to 2.05 for four growth stages of maize; and accounted for around 28.9 % of ETc. The ratio E g/ETc showed high negative relationship with LAI. These results were very important in precise management of irrigation for maize in Yellow River Basin areas. 相似文献
90.
The role of the grain boundary at chemical and isotopic fronts in marble during contact metamorphism
Hideki Wada Takamaru Ando Masayuki Suzuki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,132(4):309-320
Carbon and oxygen isotopic profiles around a low pressure metasomatic wollastonite reaction front in a marble of the Hida
metamorphic terrain, central Japan, display typical metamorphic fluid-enhanced isotopic zonations. Isotopic profiles obtained
from detailed microscale analyses perpendicular to the chemical reaction front in calcite marble show that diffusion-enhanced
isotopic exchange may control these profiles. Carbon and oxygen isotopic behaviour in grain boundaries is remarkably different.
Oxygen isotopic troughs (18O depleted rims) around the calcite-grain boundaries are widely observed in this contact aureole, demonstrating that diffusion
of oxygen in calcite grain boundary dominates over lattice diffusion in calcite. In contrast, no difference is observed in
carbon isotopic profiles obtained from grain cores and rims. There is thus no specific role of the grain boundary for diffusion
of carbonic species in the metamorphic fluid during transportation. Carbon chemical species such as CO2 and CO3 ions in metamorphic fluid migrate mainly through lattice diffusion. The carbon and oxygen isotope profiles may be modelled
by diffusion into a semi-infinite medium. Empirically lattice diffusion of oxygen isotopes is almost six times faster than
that of carbon isotopes, and oxygen grain-boundary diffusion is ten times faster than oxygen lattice diffusion. Oxygen isotopic
results around the wollastonite vein indicate that migration of the metamorphic fluid into calcite marble was small and was
parallel to the aquifer. From the stability of wollastonite and the attainment of oxygen isotopic equilibrium, we suggest
that diffusion of oxygen occurred through an aqueous fluid phase. The timescale of formation of the oxygen isotopic profile
around the wollastonite vein is calculated to be about 0.76 × 106 years using the experimentally determined diffusion constant.
Received: 14 January 1997 / Accepted: 23 April 1998 相似文献