全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5918篇 |
免费 | 282篇 |
国内免费 | 23篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 192篇 |
大气科学 | 413篇 |
地球物理 | 2217篇 |
地质学 | 1997篇 |
海洋学 | 243篇 |
天文学 | 900篇 |
综合类 | 31篇 |
自然地理 | 230篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 46篇 |
2021年 | 107篇 |
2020年 | 107篇 |
2019年 | 84篇 |
2018年 | 255篇 |
2017年 | 239篇 |
2016年 | 359篇 |
2015年 | 262篇 |
2014年 | 286篇 |
2013年 | 365篇 |
2012年 | 315篇 |
2011年 | 279篇 |
2010年 | 258篇 |
2009年 | 280篇 |
2008年 | 215篇 |
2007年 | 169篇 |
2006年 | 172篇 |
2005年 | 145篇 |
2004年 | 127篇 |
2003年 | 142篇 |
2002年 | 105篇 |
2001年 | 105篇 |
2000年 | 108篇 |
1999年 | 66篇 |
1998年 | 89篇 |
1997年 | 72篇 |
1996年 | 46篇 |
1995年 | 72篇 |
1994年 | 83篇 |
1993年 | 50篇 |
1992年 | 46篇 |
1991年 | 45篇 |
1990年 | 59篇 |
1989年 | 43篇 |
1988年 | 41篇 |
1987年 | 36篇 |
1986年 | 43篇 |
1985年 | 45篇 |
1984年 | 38篇 |
1983年 | 47篇 |
1982年 | 50篇 |
1981年 | 42篇 |
1980年 | 43篇 |
1979年 | 41篇 |
1978年 | 50篇 |
1977年 | 41篇 |
1975年 | 40篇 |
1974年 | 31篇 |
1973年 | 43篇 |
1971年 | 39篇 |
排序方式: 共有6223条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
C. Serra G. Fernández Mills M. C. Periago X. Lana 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1998,59(1-2):29-49
Summary Catalonian daily precipitation patterns were obtained by means of S-mode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to subsets
built up according to synoptic surface airflow. Daily data from November to April 1990–1994 from 45 raingauge sites in Catalonia
without missing data were used. Eight circulation classes for days in this period were considered. A Precipitation Activity
Index (PAI) was calculated for each station and class, leading to the determination of the highest activity regions for each
subset. In addition, we determined which circulation type produced most precipitation at each station of the network. Separate
PCAs were performed for each of the eight classes considered and the first four Varimax rotated solutions were interpreted
for each circulation type. The physical meaning of the rest of the factors were omitted as they were associated with local
behaviour. Finally, some concluding remarks on the cyclogenic properties of the Western Mediterranean Basin and the diversity
of the extracted patterns are presented and supported by the authors experience in forecasting in Catalonia.
Received February, 11, 1997 Revised May 23, 1997 相似文献
102.
Heat waves and dry spells are analyzed (i) at eightstations in south Moravia (Czech Republic), (ii) inthe control ECHAM3 GCM run at the gridpoint closest tothe study area, and (iii) in the ECHAM3 GCM run fordoubled CO2 concentrations (scenario A) at thesame gridpoint (heat waves only). The GCM outputs arevalidated both against individual station data andareally representative values. In the control run, theheat waves are too long, appear later in the year,peak at higher temperatures and their numbers areunder- (over-) estimated in June and July (in August).The simulated dry spells are too long, and the annualcycle of their occurrence is distorted.Mid-tropospheric circulation, and heat waves and dryspells are linked much less tightly in the controlclimate than in the observed. Since mid-troposphericcirculation is simulated fairly successfully, wesuggest the hypothesis that either the air-masstransformation and local processes are too strong inthe model or the simulated advection is too weak. Inthe scenario A climate, the heat waves become a commonphenomenon: warming of 4.5 °C in summer(difference between scenario A and control climates)induces a five-fold increase in the frequency oftropical days and an immense enhancement of extremityof heat waves. The results of the study underline theneed for (i) a proper validation of the GCM outputbefore a climate impact study is conducted and (ii)translation of large-scale information from GCMs intolocal scales using downscaling and stochasticmodelling techniques in order to reduce GCMs' biases. 相似文献
103.
气象卫星云图的多分辨小波分解及人工神经网络降水估计研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用多分辨小波分析对卫星图象进行预处理 ,在保留其特征信息的同时 ,减小了数据量 ,改善了神经网络训练过程的收敛性能 ,提高了处理速度。采用这一方法根据 GOES- 8的红外亮温图象和气象雷达资料对巴西圣保罗州中部的降水量估计进行了试验 ,取得了良好的效果。 相似文献
104.
General purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers are frequently used in small-scale urban pollution dispersion simulations
without a large extent of ver- tical flow. Vertical flow, however, plays an important role in the formation of local breezes,
such as urban heat island induced breezes that have great significance in the ventilation of large cities. The effects of
atmospheric stratification, anelasticity and Coriolis force must be taken into account in such simulations. We introduce a
general method for adapting pressure based CFD solvers to atmospheric flow simulations in order to take advantage of their
high flexibility in geometrical modelling and meshing. Compressibility and thermal stratification effects are taken into account
by utilizing a novel system of transformations of the field variables and by adding consequential source terms to the model
equations of incompressible flow. Phenomena involving mesoscale to microscale coupled effects can be analyzed without model
nesting, applying only local grid refinement of an arbitrary level. Elements of the method are validated against an analytical
solution, results of a reference calculation, and a laboratory scale urban heat island circulation experiment. The new approach
can be applied with benefits to several areas of application. Inclusion of the moisture transport phenomena and the surface
energy balance are important further steps towards the practical application of the method. 相似文献
105.
R. García-Herrera D. Barriopedro E. Hernández D. Paredes J. F. Correoso L. Prieto 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2005,90(3-4):225-243
Summary This paper characterizes Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) during 2001 over Iberia and the Balearic Islands and their meteorological
settings. Enhanced infrared Meteosat imagery has been used to detect their occurrence over the Western Mediterranean region
between June and December 2001 according to satellite-defined criteria based on the MCS physical characteristics.
Twelve MCSs have been identified. The results show that the occurrence of 2001 MCSs is limited to the August–October period,
with September being the most active period. They tend to develop during the late afternoon or early night, with preferred
eastern Iberian coast locations and eastward migrations. A cloud shield area of 50.000 km2 is rarely exceeded. When our results are compared with previous studies, it is possible to assert that though 2001 MCS activity
was moderate, the convective season was substantially less prolonged than usual, with shorter MCS life cycles and higher average
speeds. The average MCS precipitation rate was 3.3 mm·h−1 but a wide range of values varying from scarce precipitation to intense events of 130 mm·24 h−1 (6 September) were collected. The results suggest that, during 2001, MCS rainfall was the principal source of precipitation
in the Mediterranean region during the convective season, but its impact varied according to the location.
Synoptic analysis based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis show that several common precursors could be identified over the Western Mediterranean
Sea when the 2001 MCSs occurred: a low-level tongue of moist air and precipitable water (PW) exceeding 25 mm through the southern
portion of the Western Mediterranean area, low-level zonal warm advection over 2 °C·24 h−1 towards eastern Iberia, a modest 1000–850 hPa equivalent potential temperature (θe) difference over 20 °C located close to the eastern Iberian coast, a mid level trough (sometimes a cut-off low) over Northern
Africa or Southern Spain and high levels geostrophic vorticity advection exceeding 12·10−10 s−2 over eastern Iberia and Northern Africa. Finally, the results suggest that synoptic, orographic and a warm-air advection
were the most relevant forcing mechanisms during 2001. 相似文献
106.
The surface renewal (SR) method was applied for the first time to measurements of air temperature over four Amazonian forest sites and different seasons in order to obtain estimates of buoyancy heat flux. The required calibration of this method against eddy covariance resulted in a value for a specific parameter that is close to the range reported in other studies, contributing to the generalization of the SR method to different kinds of canopies. The comparison with fluxes obtained using the eddy covariance technique revealed a good match between the two methods for different sites, heights and seasons. Sites with high levels of non-stationarity in the signals of temperature and wind speed presented higher scatter in the regression with fluxes from eddy covariance. For a particular site with previously reported influence of low-frequency motions, the regression was only satisfactory, i.e., slope parameter close to unity and small offset, when oscillations with periods longer than $\approx $ ≈ 13 min were filtered out. The SR method has a great potential due to the simplicity of the instrumentation required. However, care should be taken when measuring under the influence of mesoscale motions, which can lead to high levels of non-stationarity, compromising the fundamental concepts of the SR theory. 相似文献
107.
108.
M. A. Hernández-Ceballos J. A. Adame J. P. Bolívar B. A. De la Morena 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,119(3-4):163-175
Air masses are characterized by physical (temperature, humidity) and chemical (transported gases and aerosols) properties, being associated their arrival to different meteorological scenarios. The knowledge of the air masses over a region is fundamental as complementary information in several atmospheric studies, being the calculation of back-trajectory the most widely used tool whenever air masses are analyzed. A study of air masses has been carried out in southwestern Iberian Peninsula using 5-day kinematic back trajectories computed by the HYSPLIT model at three heights (500, 1,500 and 3,000 m) from 1997 to 2007. The main aims have been to characterize their vertical behaviour and their thermal and humidity properties. Thirteen trajectory clusters have been defined, showing the northerly and westerly clusters a high coupling degree. Seasonal daily variation of potential temperature and specific humidity has been analyzed, obtaining higher differences among clusters in the cold season. 相似文献
109.
Adsorption of cobalt by using inorganic components of sediment samples from water bodies 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Rocío Montes de Oca-Palma Marcos Solache-Ríos Melania Jiménez-Reyes JoséJuan García-Sánchez Perla Tatiana Almazán-Sánchez 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(4):524-531
The adsorption of cobalt ions was evaluated using sediment samples from water bodies to investigate the adsorption properties of sediment and the behavior of these natural materials in the presence of nuclear and industrial waste.The two sediments(S1 and S2)were treated to eliminate humic and fulvic acids and then they were characterized by several techniques.The minerals found in both the sediments(X-ray diffraction)were quartz and albite;plus,goethite and muscovite in S1,and kaolinite and montmorillonite in S2.Point of zero charge(PZC)of S1 and S2 was 6.00 and 5.22,respectively.The specific area of S1(63.3 m2/g)is higher than S2(1.5 m2/g).Adsorption kinetics data for S1 and S2 were best fitted to the pseudo second-order model.The removal efficiency of S1 for cobalt was 96%with an adsorption capacity(qe)of 0.93 mg/g,and for S2 was 45%with a qeof 0.40 mg/g.The experimental data of the adsorption isotherms were adjusted to Langmuir and Freundlich models for S1 and S2,respectively.The thermodynamic parameters(enthalpy,entropy,and Gibb’s free energy)indicated that the adsorption processes were endothermic,spontaneous,and chemisorption mechanism.The results show that the adsorption capacities of the sediments depend on their composition.These water sediments have important adsorption properties for cobalt,and they can be used in the treatment of nuclear and industrial aqueous wastes. 相似文献
110.