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91.
Wannenmacher Helmut Entfellner Manuel Hauer Hannes 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2022,40(9):4377-4391
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The Semmering Base Tunnel (SBT), with a total length of 27.3 km, is one of the leading construction projects of the Baltic-Adriatic Railway... 相似文献
92.
Juraj Majzlan Hannes Schlicht Maria Wierzbicka-Wieczorek Gerald Giester Herbert Pöllmann Beatrix Brömme Stephen Doyle Gernot Buth Christian Bender Koch 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,107(2):221-233
Voltaite is a mineral of fumaroles, solfatares, coal-fire gas vents, and acid-mine drainage systems. The nominal composition is K2Fe5 2+Fe3 3+Al(SO4)12·18H2O and the nominal symmetry is cubic, $Fd\overline{3}c$ . The tetragonal (I41/acd) superstructure of voltaite is known as the mineral pertlikite. In this study, we investigated 22 synthetic voltaite samples in which Fe2+ was partially or completely replaced by Mg, Zn, Mn, or Cd, by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (both in-house and synchrotron). Two samples contained NH4 + instead of K+. The structure of voltaite is based on a framework defined by kröhnkite-like heteropolyhedral chains which host both M3+ and M2+ in octahedral coordination. Unit cell dimensions of the end-members scale almost linearly with the size of M2+. In the Fe2+-Mg-Zn solid solutions, the Fe2+-Mg and Fe2+-Zn solutions are linear (ideal) in terms of their lattice-parameter variations. The Mg-Zn solid solution, however, is strongly non-ideal. A detailed analysis of the topology of the chains showed that this behavior originates in expansion and contraction of individual M2+-O bonds within the chains. In the Mg-Zn solid solution, some of the M2+-O bonds expand while none contract. In the other solid solutions, expansion of some M2+-O bonds is always compensated by contraction of the other ones. Parts of the nominally cubic crystals are optically anisotropic and their symmetry is found to be tetragonal by single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The coexistence of cubic and tetragonal sectors within a single crystal without any detectable difference in their chemical composition is difficult to explain in terms of growth of such composite crystals. Mössbauer and infrared spectra collected on our synthetic crystals conform with previously published data. 相似文献
93.
Does the complexity in temporal precipitation disaggregation matter for a lumped hydrological model?
ABSTRACTFlood peaks and volumes are essential design variables and can be simulated by precipitation–runoff (P–R) modelling. The high-resolution precipitation time series that are often required for this purpose can be generated by various temporal disaggregation methods. Here, we compare a simple method (M1, one parameter), focusing on the effective precipitation duration for flood simulations, with a multiplicative cascade model (M2, 32/36 parameters). While M2 aims at generating realistic characteristics of precipitation time series, M1 aims only at accurately reproducing flood variables by P–R modelling. Both disaggregation methods were tested on precipitation time series of nine Swiss mesoscale catchments. The generated high-resolution time series served as input for P–R modelling using a lumped HBV model. The results indicate that differences identified in precipitation characteristics of disaggregated time series vanish when introduced into the lumped hydrological model. Moreover, flood peaks were more sensitive than flood volumes to the choice of disaggregation method. 相似文献
94.
The spatialCopula toolbox contains a set of Matlab functions that provides utilities for copula-based analysis of spatially referenced data, a topic which has re cently attracted much attention in spatial statistics. These tools have been developed to support the work flow in parameter estimation, spatial interpolation and visualization. They offer flexible and user-friendly software for dealing with non-Gaussian and extreme value data that possibly contain a spatial trend or geometric anisotropy. The objective of this paper is to give an introduction to the concept behind the software and to outline the functionality of the toolbox. We illustrate its usefulness by analyzing a data set here referred to as the Gomel data set, which includes moderately skewed radioactivity measurements in the region of Gomel, Belarus. The source codes are freely available in Matlab language on the author’s website (fam.tuwien.ac.at/~hakazian/software.html). 相似文献
95.
96.
Louise S. Powers Hannes K. Brueckner David H. Krinsley 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1979,43(1):137-146
Weathered quartz grus and stream transported quartz of the Harney Peak Granite, Black Hills, South Dakota, contain low concentrations of Rb (generally 0.3–6.8 ppm) and Sr (0.2–2.0 ppm) and variable Sr isotopic ratios (0.759–1.070).Six of seven single grains of large composite quartz grus which recently entered the weathering environment define an apparent isochron age (about 1800 Myr) and initial ratio (0.7066) that approximate the whole-rock isochron age (1707 Myr) and initial ratio (0.7143) of the Harney Peak Granite. Apparently the Rb-Sr systematics of these grains were not significantly altered during initial weathering. Leached fluid inclusion material from a ca. 2 g aggregate of composite quartz grains contains very little Rb or Sr (0.019 and 0.17 μg, respectively) and has a very low ratio (0.739). The Rb and Sr content of the quartz grains appears to be concentrated in minute, heterogeneously-distributed mineral inclusions.Five aggregates of more completely weathered, small non-composite quartz grains produce a widely scattered pattern on an isochron diagram with all samples plotting below the 1707 Myr isochron. Examination by SEM of these grains shows solution and precipitation features on their relatively large effective surface areas. The differential precipitation of Rb is believed to have been the major perturbating chemical process during weathering.Three aggregates of stream quartz grains define an apparent isochron age of 1777 Myr and an initial ratio of 0.720 that suggest the initial ‘igneous’ Rb-Sr characteristics of the stream quartz were re-attained during their transportation, probably as a result of removal of the outer weathered surface by abrasion. The apparent resistance to chemical weathering of stream quartz and quartz which has just entered the weathering environment suggests that this mineral may be extremely useful in studies of provenance and the geochronology of strongly weathered terranes. 相似文献
97.
Hannes K. Brueckner 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1975,49(1):39-48
Strontium isotopes are used as tracers of crustal contamination of alpine-type ultramafic rocks from the Basal Gneiss Complex of the Caledonides of southern Norway. Minerals from anhydrous assemblages that occur in the cores of these ultramafic lenses give Sr87/Sr86 ratios (0.7011 to 0.7047) that reflect the expected ambient Sr87/Sr86 conditions of the ancient upper mantle. Rb-Sr evidence for crustal contamination is found in hydrous assemblages that occur within fractures and around the margins of the ultramafio bodies. Olivine, enstatite, amphibole, and magnesite from these assemblages have present-day Sr87/Sr86 ratios (0.7049 to 0.7085) that are significantly higher than those of compositionally equivalent minerals from the interiors of the ultramafic bodies. The high Sr87/Sr86 values were acquired as a result of the reaction between the ultramafic rock and ion-charged hydrous solutions carrying strontium with the ambient Sr87/Sr86 ratio (around 0.713) of the enclosing country rook during the waning phases of the Caledonian Orogeny. Mineral separates from the interiors of these ultramafic bodies can yield useful information on the ancient upper mantle. Wholerock samples, however, will show some evidence of contamination from the crust as a result of the formation of at least trace amounts of secondary hydrous minerals. Most whole-rook Sr87/Sr86 ratios from alpine-type ultramafic rocks from other orogenic belts show evidence of this contamination. 相似文献
98.
99.
In recent years, various attempts have been made to estimate the amount of numerical mixing in numerical ocean models due
to discretisation errors of advection schemes. In this study, a high-resolution coastal model using the ocean circulationmodel
GETM is applied to the Western Baltic Sea, which is characterised by energetic and episodic inflows of dense bottom waters
originating from the Kattegat. The model is equipped with an easy-to-implement diagnostic method for obtaining the numerical
mixing which has recently been suggested. In this diagnostic method, the physical mixing is defined as the mean tracer variance
decay rate due to turbulent mixing. The numerical mixing due to discretisation errors of tracer advection schemes is defined
as the decay rate between the advected square of the tracer variance and the square of the advected tracer, which can be directly
compared to the physical variance decay. The source and location of numerical mixing is further investigated by comparing
different advection schemes and analysing the amount of numerical mixing in each spatial dimension during the advection time
step. The results show that, for the setup used, the numerically and physically induced mixing have the same orders of magnitude
but with different vertical and horizontal distributions. As the main mechanism for high numerical mixing, vertical advection
of tracers with strong vertical gradients has been identified. The main reason for high numerical mixing is due to bottom-following
coordinates when density gradients, especially for regions of steep slopes, are advected normal to isobaths. With the bottom-following
coordinates used here, the horizontal gradients are reproduced by a spurious sawtooth-type profile where strong advection
through, but not along, the vertical coordinate levels occurs. Additionally, the well known relation between strong tracer
gradients and high velocities on the one and high numerical mixing on the other hand is approved quantitatively within this
work. 相似文献
100.
György Hetényi Benoît Taisne Fanny Garel Étienne Médard Sonja Bosshard Hannes B. Mattsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(2):457-482
Columnar jointing is a common feature of solidified lavas, sills and dikes, but the factors controlling the characteristic
stoutness of columns remain debated, and quantitative field observations are few in number. In this paper, we provide quantitative
measurements on sizing of columnar joint sets and our assessment of the principal factors controlling it. We focus on (1)
chemistry, as it is the major determinant of the physical (mechanical and thermal) properties of the lava, and (2) geology,
as it influences the style of emplacement and lava geometry, setting boundary conditions for the cooling process and the rate
of heat loss. In our analysis, we cover lavas with a broad range of chemical compositions (from basanite to phonolite, for
six of which we provide new geochemical analyses) and of geological settings. Our field measurements cover 50 columnar jointing
sites in three countries. We provide reliable, manually digitized data on the size of individual columns and focus the mathematical
analysis on their geometry (23,889 data on side length, of which 17,312 are from full column sections and 3,033 data on cross-sectional
area and order of polygonality). The geometrical observations show that the variation in characteristic size of columns between
different sites exceeds one order of magnitude (side length ranging from 8 to 338 cm) and that the column-bounding polygons’
average order is less than 6. The network of fractures is found to be longer than required by a minimum-energy hexagonal configuration,
indicating a non-equilibrium, geologically quick process. In terms of the development and characteristic sizing of columnar
joint sets, our observations suggest that columns are the result of an interplay between the geological setting of emplacement
and magma chemistry. When the geological setting constrains the geometry of the emplaced body, it exerts a stronger control
on characteristic column stoutness. At unconstrained geometries (e.g. unconfined lava flows), chemistry plays the major role,
resulting in stouter columns in felsic lavas and slenderer columns in mafic lavas. 相似文献