全文获取类型
收费全文 | 634篇 |
免费 | 9篇 |
国内免费 | 10篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 15篇 |
大气科学 | 52篇 |
地球物理 | 159篇 |
地质学 | 221篇 |
海洋学 | 43篇 |
天文学 | 82篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
自然地理 | 77篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 18篇 |
2015年 | 4篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 38篇 |
2012年 | 15篇 |
2011年 | 21篇 |
2010年 | 29篇 |
2009年 | 31篇 |
2008年 | 34篇 |
2007年 | 30篇 |
2006年 | 26篇 |
2005年 | 22篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 19篇 |
2002年 | 10篇 |
2001年 | 13篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 16篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 15篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1930年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有653条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
171.
172.
173.
The Mascota volcanic field is located in the Jalisco Block of western Mexico, where the Rivera Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate. It spans an area of ∼ 2000 km2 and contains ∼ 87 small cones and lava flows of minette, absarokite, basic hornblende lamprophyre, basaltic andesite, and andesite. There are no contemporary dacite or rhyolite lavas. New 40Ar/39Ar ages are presented for 35 samples, which are combined with nine dates from the literature to document the eruptive history of this volcanic field. The oldest lavas (2.4 to 0.5 Ma) are found in the southern part of the field area, whereas the youngest lavas (predominantly < 0.5 Ma) are found in the northern portion. On the basis of these ages, field mapping, and the use of ortho aerial photographs and digital elevation models, it is estimated that a combined volume of 6.8 ± 3.1 km3 erupted in the last 2.4 Myr, which leads to an average eruption rate of ∼ 0.003 km3/kyr, and an average volume per eruptive unit of < 0.1 km3. The dominant lava type is andesite (2.1 ± 0.9 km3), followed by absarokite (1.6 ± 0.8 km3), basaltic andesite (1.2 ± 0.5 km3), basic hornblende lamprophyre (1.0 ± 0.4 km3), and minette (0.9 ± 0.5 km3). Thus, the medium-K andesite and basaltic andesite comprise approximately half (49%) of the erupted magma, with twice as much andesite as basaltic andesite, and they occur in close spatial and temporal association with the highly potassic, lamprophyric lavas. There is no time progression to the type of magma erupted. A wide variety of evidence indicate that the high-MgO (8–9 wt.% ) basaltic andesites (52–53% wt.% SiO2) were formed by H2O flux melting of the asthenopheric arc mantle wedge, whereas the mafic minettes and absarokites were formed by partial melting (induced by thermal erosion) of depleted lithospheric mantle containing phlogopite-bearing veins. There is only limited differentiation of the potassic magmas, with none more evolved than 55.4 wt.% SiO2 and 4.4 wt.% MgO. This may be attributable to rapid crystallization of the mantle-derived melts in the deep crust, owing to their low volumes. Thus, the andesites (58–63 wt.% SiO2) are notable for being both the most voluminous and the most evolved of all lava types in the Mascota volcanic field, which is not consistent with their extraction from extensively crystallized (60–70%), low-volume intrusions. Instead, the evidence supports the origin of the andesites by partial melting of amphibolitized, mafic lower crust, driven by the emplacement of the minettes, absarokites, and the high-Mg basaltic andesites. 相似文献
174.
D. J. Ampleford S. V. Lebedev A. Ciardi S. N. Bland S. C. Bott G. N. Hall N. Naz C. A. Jennings M. Sherlock J. P. Chittenden A. Frank E. Blackman 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,307(1-3):51-56
Collimated flows ejected from young stars are believed to play a vital role in the star formation process by extracting angular
momentum from the accretion disk. We discuss the first experiments to simulate rotating radiatively cooled, hypersonic jets
in the laboratory. A modification of the conical wire array $z$-pinch is used to introduce angular momentum into convergent
flows of plasma, a jet-forming standing shock and into the jet itself. The rotation of the jet is evident in laser imaging
through the presence of discrete filaments which trace the rotational history of the jet. The presence of angular momentum
results in a hollow density profile in both the standing conical shock and the jet. 相似文献
175.
Sarah R. Hall Daniel L. Farber Joan M. Ramage Donald T. Rodbell Robert C. Finkel Jacqueline A. Smith Bryan G. Mark Christopher Kassel 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(25-26):2991-3009
The Cordillera Huayhuash in the central Peruvian Andes (10.3°S, 76.9°W) is an ideal mountain range in which to study regional climate through variations in paleoglacier extents. The range trends nearly north-south with modern glaciers confined to peaks >4800 m a.s.l. Geomorphology and geochronology in the nearby Cordillera Blanca and Junin Plain reveal that the Peruvian Andes preserve a detailed record of tropical glaciation. Here, we use ASTER imagery, aerial photographs, and GPS to map and date glacial features in both the western and eastern drainages of the Cordillera Huayhuash. We have used in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in quartz bearing erratics on moraine crests and ice-polished bedrock surfaces to develop an exposure age chronology for Pleistocene glaciation within the range. We have also collected sediment cores from moraine-dammed lakes and bogs to provide limiting 14C ages for glacial deposits. In contrast to the ranges to the north and south, most glacial features within the Cordillera Huayhuash are Lateglacial in age, however we have identified features with ages that span 0.2 to 38 ka with moraine sets marking the onset of glacier retreat at 0.3 ka, 9–10 ka, 13–14 ka, 20–22 ka, and >26 ka. The range displays a pronounced east-west variation in maximum down-valley distance from the headwall of moraine crests with considerably longer paleoglaciers in the eastern drainages. Importantly, Lateglacial paleoglaciers reached a terminal elevation of 4000 m a.s.l. on both sides of the Cordillera Huayhuash; suggesting that temperature may have been a dominant factor in controlling the maximum glacier extent. We suggest that valley morphology, specifically valley slope, strongly influences down-valley distance to the maximum glacier extent and potential for moraine preservation. While regionally there is an extensive record of older (>50 ka) advances to the north (Cordillera Blanca) and to the south (Junin region), the apparent lack of old moraines in this locality may be explained by the confined morphology of the Cordillera Huayhuash valleys that has inhibited the preservation of older glacial geomorphic features. 相似文献
176.
Lauren A. MacDonald Kevin W. Turner Ann M. Balasubramaniam Brent B. Wolfe Roland I. Hall Jon N. Sweetman 《水文研究》2012,26(1):117-129
Recent studies using remote sensing analysis of lake‐rich thermokarst landscapes have documented evidence of declining lake surface area in response to recent warming. However, images alone cannot identify whether these declines are due to increasing frequency of lake drainage events associated with accelerated thermokarst activity or to increasing evaporation in response to longer ice‐free season duration. Here, we explore the potential of combining aerial photograph time series with paleolimnological analyses to track changes in hydrological conditions of a thermokarst lake in the Old Crow Flats (OCF), Canada, and to identify their causes. Images show that the water level in lake OCF 48 declined markedly sometime between 1972 and 2001. In a sediment core from OCF 48, complacent stratigraphic profiles of several physical, geochemical, and biological parameters from ~1874–1967 indicate hydro‐limnological conditions were relatively stable. From ~1967–1989, declines in organic matter content, organic carbon isotope values, and pigment concentrations are interpreted to reflect an increase in supply of minerogenic sediment, and subsequent decline in aquatic productivity, caused by increased thermo‐erosion of shoreline soils. Lake expansion was likely caused by increased summer rainfall, as recorded by increased cellulose‐inferred lake‐water oxygen isotope compositions. Stratigraphic trends defining the lake expansion phase terminated at ~1989, which likely marks the year when the lake drained. Above‐average precipitation during the previous year probably raised the lake level and promoted further thermo‐erosion of the shoreline soils that caused the lake to drain. These are meteorological conditions that have led to other recent lake‐drainage events in the OCF. Thus, the decline in lake level, evident in the aerial photograph from 2001, is unlikely to have been caused by evaporation, but rather is a remnant of a drainage event that took place more than a decade earlier. After drainage, the lake began to refill, and most paleolimnological parameters approach levels that are similar to those during the stable phase. These findings indicate that combined use of aerial images and paleolimnological methods offers much promise for identifying the hydrological consequences of recent climatic variations on thermokarst lakes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
177.
178.
Kevin Hall 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(2):289-297
A number of modern buildings employing claddings of granites or marbles have experienced bowing of the rock panels together
with weathering of the material. Theoretical and field-based data analysis and laboratory experimentation have assumed that
heat exchange resulting from incoming solar radiation is at the material surface. However, a number of recent experiments
have clearly shown that some lithologies, including both marble and granite, comprise a number of light-transmissive minerals
that significantly change the thermal responses in the outer few millimetres of the rock. Further, this translucence will
create mineral-to-mineral stresses where light-transmissive minerals are in contact with opaque ones. The whole is further
exacerbated by differences in thermal coefficients of expansion and conductivity which themselves may depend on the mineral
axis; surface modifiers such as paints further complicate the situation. The degree of light penetration, based on field measurements,
can be significant and can facilitate rapid changes in temperature (ΔT/Δt > 2°C min−1) at depth within the rock thereby increasing the sub-surface stresses. The amount of light penetration for any given mineral
will be dependent upon material slope, the latitude, season, and albedo. Albedo is identified as a complex variable, changing
as a function of the angle of the sun to the particular surface; polished surfaces, as often with cladding, will further influence
this. Data analysis suggests that, in the Northern hemisphere, south of the polar circle, the summer may not be the time of
the largest heat loading on the southern aspect and that larger loadings, coupled with lower air temperatures, occur early
and late in the year. This seasonal impact has great potential for thermal stresses on the southern aspect. The presence of
light-transmissive minerals also allows sub-surface biotic colonization and results in weathering. Overall, where light transmissive
minerals/lithologies occur the thermal responses are highly complex and in need of more rigorous consideration. 相似文献
179.
180.