内蒙古克什克腾旗大石寨组凝灰岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文对内蒙古克什克腾旗长岭子地区大石寨组安山质岩屑晶屑凝灰岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、锆石原位Hf同位素分析及地球化学研究。测年结果表明样品中锆石年龄主要分七组:3140±19～2826±36 Ma、2761±36～2273±23 Ma、2025±27～1673±89 Ma、1036±144～673±17 Ma、574±19～422±11 Ma、392±11～312±10 Ma和224±18～133±2 Ma。结合锆石的原位微区Hf同位素结果ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-18.0～16.8,n(~(176)Lu)/n(~(177)Hf)和n(~(176)Hf)/n(~(177)Hf)分别为0.000235～0.005759和0.280524～0.283022,T_(DM2)=4291～293 Ma,我们认为大石寨组岩屑晶屑凝灰岩中第一组锆石(3140～2826 Ma)指示东北地区或其邻区可能发育过中太古代—古太古代的古老基底。第二组锆石(2761～2273 Ma)记录了Kenorland超大陆汇聚的地质事件,揭示了大兴安岭地区太古代—古元古代古老结晶基底的信息。第三组锆石(2025～1673 Ma)则是Columbia超大陆形成地质事件的响应。第四、五组锆石(1036～673 Ma、574～422 Ma)来源于东北地区,分别记录了区域新元古代Rondinia和泛非期Gondwana两期重大地质事件。第六组锆石(392～312 Ma)峰值年龄为347 Ma,加权平均年龄为350.0±6.5Ma(MSWD=4.0,n=43),占总数48%,代表凝灰岩的形成时代,属于早石炭世。第七组锆石(224～133 Ma)可能与后期流体改造有关。岩石地球化学分析表明,大石寨组岩屑晶屑凝灰岩大部分样品属于偏铝质(A/CNK=0.65～1.95)、钙碱性(δ=0.88～2.50)火山岩,具有轻稀土富集,重稀土相对亏损,无明显Eu异常,富集Ba、Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素的特点,与安第斯型活动大陆边缘火山岩相似。结合前人已发表地质资料,我们认为克什克腾旗大石寨组安山质岩屑晶屑凝灰岩为古亚洲洋俯冲过程中洋壳脱水产生的流体与上覆地幔楔相互作用后形成的。形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,指示古亚洲洋在早石炭世尚未闭合。     

五株微囊藻毒素降解菌的分离与鉴定

有毒蓝藻产生的蓝藻毒素导致地表水的污染已是全球普遍的现象,最常见的毒素是能导致肝癌的肝毒素微囊藻毒素(MC),迄今为止尚无适用的MC驱除技术,微生物降解MC可能是一条有效的途径．本研究以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806)所产生的MC为底物,从多个形成微囊藻水华的水体中分离获得能显著降解MC的细菌18株,相对降解能力从18．4％到48．2％．对其中5株MC相对降解能力较强的菌,通过形态特征和生理生化特征分析,鉴定出5株菌分别为:不动细菌属(Acinetobacter)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和弗拉特氏菌属(Frateuria),均不同于已报道的属种．     

Temperature variations and rice yields in China: historical contributions and future trends

Temperature is the principal factor that determines rice growth, development and ultimately grain yield. In this study, normal growing-degree-days (NGDD) and killing growing-degree-days (KGDD) were used to capture the different effects of normal and extreme temperatures on rice yields, respectively. Based on these indexes, we assessed the contributions of temperature variations to county-level rice yields across China during the historical period (1980–2008), and estimated the potential exposure of rice to extreme temperature stress in the near future (2021–2050). The results showed that historical temperature variations had measurable impacts on rice yields with a distinct spatial pattern: for different regions, such variations had contributed much to the increased rice yields in Northeast China (Region I) (0.59 % yield year^?1) and some portions of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (Region II) (0.34 % yield year^?1), but seriously hindered the improvements of rice yields in the Sichuan Basin (SB) (?0.29 % yield year^?1) and the southern cultivation areas (Region IV) (?0.17 % yield year^?1); for the entire country, half of the contributions were positive and the other half were negative, resulting in a balance pattern with an average of 0.01 % yield year^?1. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, climate warming during 2021–2050 would substantially reduce cold stress but increase heat stress in the rice planting areas across China. For the future period, Region I, II and eastern China would be continually exposed to more severe cold stress than the other regions; Region III (including SB and the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLRYR)) would be the hot spot of heat stress.     

影像解译中的深度学习可解释性分析方法

深度学习的迅速发展极大地推进了多种图像解译任务的精度提升,然而深度学习网络模型的“黑箱”性质让使用者难以理解其决策机理,这不仅不利于模型结构优化和安全增强等,还会极大地增加训练调参成本。对此,本文围绕影像智能解译任务,对深度学习可解释性国内外研究进展进行了综合评述与对比分析。首先,将当前可解释性分析方法分为激活值最大化分析法、代理模型分析方法、归因分析法、扰动分析法、类激活图分析法及样例分析法等6类方法,并对方法的原理、侧重点及优缺点进行了回顾。其次,对8种衡量各类分析方法所提供解释的可靠性的评估指标进行了回顾,并梳理了当前公开可用的可解释性开源算法库。在当前开源算法库的基础上,以遥感影像智能解译任务中的可解释性分析为例,验证了当前深度学习可解释性方法对遥感影像的适用性;试验结果表明当前可解释性方法在遥感解译中还存在一定的局限性。最后,总结了现有基于自然影像的可解释性算法在遥感影像解译分析中存在的问题,并展望了设计面向遥感影像特性的可解释性分析方法的发展前景,旨在为相关研究者提供参考,推动面向遥感影像解译的可解释性方法研究,从而为深度学习技术在遥感影像解译任务中的应用提供可靠的理论支持与算法设计指导。     

An AI-based model for describing cyclic characteristics of granular materials

Modelling cyclic behaviour of granular soils under both drained and undrained conditions with a good performance is still a challenge. This study presents a new way of modelling the cyclic behaviour of granular materials using deep learning. To capture the continuous cyclic behaviour in time dimension, the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is adopted, which is characterised by the prediction of sequential data, meaning that it provides a novel means of predicting the continuous behaviour of soils under various loading paths. Synthetic datasets of cyclic loading under drained and undrained conditions generated by an advanced soil constitutive model are first employed to explore an appropriate framework for the LSTM-based model. Then the LSTM-based model is used to estimate the cyclic behaviour of real sands, ie, the Toyoura sand under the undrained condition and the Fontainebleau sand under both undrained and drained conditions. The estimates are compared with actual experimental results, which indicates that the LSTM-based model can simultaneously simulate the cyclic behaviour of sand under both drained and undrained conditions, ie, (a) the cyclic mobility mechanism, the degradation of effective stress and large deformation under the undrained condition, and (b) shear strain accumulation and densification under the drained condition.     

Cross-scale: multi-scale coupling in space plasmas

Most of the visible universe is in the highly ionised plasma state, and most of that plasma is collision-free. Three physical phenomena are responsible for nearly all of the processes that accelerate particles, transport material and energy, and mediate flows in systems as diverse as radio galaxy jets and supernovae explosions through to solar flares and planetary magnetospheres. These processes in turn result from the coupling amongst phenomena at macroscopic fluid scales, smaller ion scales, and down to electron scales. Cross-Scale, in concert with its sister mission SCOPE (to be provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency—JAXA), is dedicated to quantifying that nonlinear, time-varying coupling via the simultaneous in-situ observations of space plasmas performed by a fleet of 12 spacecraft in near-Earth orbit. Cross-Scale has been selected for the Assessment Phase of Cosmic Vision by the European Space Agency.      

湖南省生态风险源-暴露-效应模型评价

生态风险是指在一定区域内,具有不确定性的事故或灾害对生态系统及其组分可能产生的作用.基于风险表征=风险源表征×暴露表征×生态效应表征理论框架模型,综合多风险源、风险暴露性、风险效应3方面因素,建立湖南省域生态风险评价指标体系;利用主成分分析法和地理信息系统技术,构建生态风险综合评价模型;计算综合生态风险值并识别湖南省域...     

南海南部礼乐盆地构造热演化研究

礼乐盆地位于南海海域南部,是一个形成于中新生代的叠合盆地,长期以来缺乏构造热演化方面研究。本文在认识礼乐盆地构造演化的基础上,选用盆地内地震测线(L2剖面),应用二维横向不均匀拉张模型对礼乐盆地构造热演化史进行了模拟研究。模拟结果揭示了盆地在新生代的构造热演化特征:(1)盆地经历了两次连续的拉张过程,第一期拉张幅度较小,拉张系数在1.05左右,第二次拉张程度较第一次拉张强烈,深水地区拉张系数达到1.3;(2)礼乐盆地两次拉张使得盆地逐步升温,第二次拉张结束时达到历史最高温时期,之后热流持续下降;(3)盆地不同构造部位热流史具有差异性,其中深水区经历的古热流最高,达75mW/m2,礼乐滩最低,仅为63mW/m2。     

塔里木盆地阿克1井二叠纪孢粉地层及其地质意义

阿克 1井是塔里木盆地西南坳陷喀什凹陷乌恰构造带阿克莫木背斜北高点的第一口预探井 ,该井中二叠统比尤列提群 (P2 by)钻厚 2 5 5 .5 0 m(395 4— 4 2 0 9.5 0 m,未钻穿 ) ,为灰褐、灰、深灰色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩与同色灰质泥岩近等厚互层 ,偶夹薄层浅灰、灰色泥灰岩、泥晶含泥灰岩及灰色泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩 ,产大量孢粉化石 ,可建立Florinites- Protohaploxypinus- Vittatina组合 ,地质时代为中二叠世。该井二叠纪地层的钻揭 ,具有非常重要的地质意义 ,不但完善了该地层小区的地层层序 ,而且丰富了二叠纪的孢粉化石资料 ,填补了该区二叠纪古生物研究的空白 ,还改变了对该区生油条件的评价 ,提高了对该区的含油气远景评价等级。     

特大地磁暴的一种行星际源:多重磁云

2001年3月31日观测到的大的多重磁云(Multi MC)事件造成了第23周太阳峰年(2000～2001)最大的地磁暴(Dst=-387nT). 通过分析ACE飞船的观测数据, 描述了这个多重磁云在1AU处的磁场和等离子体特征. 并且根据SOHO和GOES卫星的观测资料, 认证了它的太阳源. 在这次事件中, 由于多重磁云内部异常增强的南向磁场, 使之地磁效应变得更强, 它大大的延长了地磁暴的持续时间. 观测结果与理论分析表明, 多重磁云中子磁云的相互挤压使磁云内的磁场强度及其南向分量增强数倍, 从而加强了地磁效应. 因此, 研究认为多重磁云中子磁云之间的相互压缩是造成特大地磁暴的一种机制. 此外, 研究发现形成多重磁云的日冕物质抛射(CMEs)并不一定要来自同一太阳活动区.