全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8920篇 |
免费 | 1993篇 |
国内免费 | 3217篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1276篇 |
大气科学 | 1681篇 |
地球物理 | 1643篇 |
地质学 | 5310篇 |
海洋学 | 1690篇 |
天文学 | 225篇 |
综合类 | 866篇 |
自然地理 | 1439篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 98篇 |
2023年 | 190篇 |
2022年 | 591篇 |
2021年 | 728篇 |
2020年 | 571篇 |
2019年 | 654篇 |
2018年 | 614篇 |
2017年 | 599篇 |
2016年 | 542篇 |
2015年 | 687篇 |
2014年 | 621篇 |
2013年 | 712篇 |
2012年 | 829篇 |
2011年 | 823篇 |
2010年 | 738篇 |
2009年 | 756篇 |
2008年 | 724篇 |
2007年 | 579篇 |
2006年 | 606篇 |
2005年 | 470篇 |
2004年 | 318篇 |
2003年 | 299篇 |
2002年 | 327篇 |
2001年 | 261篇 |
2000年 | 183篇 |
1999年 | 119篇 |
1998年 | 102篇 |
1997年 | 63篇 |
1996年 | 44篇 |
1995年 | 48篇 |
1994年 | 39篇 |
1993年 | 33篇 |
1992年 | 26篇 |
1991年 | 26篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 11篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1958年 | 3篇 |
1954年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 468 毫秒
191.
192.
Spatial information on soil properties is an important input to hydrological models. In current hydrological modelling practices, soil property information is often derived from soil category maps by the linking method in which a representative soil property value is linked to each soil polygon. Limited by the area‐class nature of soil category maps, the derived soil property variation is discontinuous and less detailed than high resolution digital terrain or remote sensing data. This research proposed dmSoil, a data‐mining‐based approach to derive continuous and spatially detailed soil property information from soil category maps. First, the soil–environment relationships are extracted through data mining of a soil map. The similarity of the soil at each location to different soil types in the soil map is then estimated using the mined relationships. Prediction of soil property values at each location is made by combining the similarities of the soil at that location to different soil types and the representative soil property values of these soil types. The new approach was applied in the Raffelson Watershed and Pleasant Valley in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin, United States to map soil A horizon texture (in both areas) and depth to soil C horizon (in Pleasant Valley). The property maps from the dmSoil approach capture the spatial gradation and details of soil properties better than those from the linking method. The new approach also shows consistent accuracy improvement at validation points. In addition to the improved performances, the inputs for the dmSoil approach are easy to prepare, and the approach itself is simple to deploy. It provides an effective way to derive better soil property information from soil category maps for hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
193.
基于主体功能区约束的大气污染物总量控制目标分配研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
考虑经济发展水平、污染物排放现状、污染物治理水平、空气质量,特别是国家主体功能区环境目标约束等因素,构建大气污染物排放总量分配的指标体系,用改进的等比例分配方法对2015年国家SO2,NOx总量控制目标进行区域分配。分配结果表明:SO2和NOx削减量大的省份主要集中在华北平原及其周围地区,这些地区污染物排放量大、空气质量较差;削减比例较大的地区主要集中在西部地区以及北京、天津2个直辖市,这些地区单位GDP能耗高、工业污染物去除率低、空气质量差;削减量相对较小的地区主要集中在西南和南部一些省份;削减比例较小的地区主要集中在中南部和南部几个省份,这些地区污染物排放量相对较少,空气质量好于其他省份。 相似文献
194.
浅水地震勘探对于了解近海底地质构造具有重要意义,目前已被广泛用于油气开发、近岸工程等领域。表面多次波的存在干扰了有效波信息,影响了资料品质,造成解释假象,如何有效地压制多次波,已成为浅水地震勘探中的关键问题。表面多次波衰减方法(SRME)是一种去除海面相关多次波效果较好的技术方法,但是,一般认为SRME技术并不适合于浅水区域。分析了SRME去除多次波的基本原理,并将其应用于海洋高分辨率浅水区域多次波的去除。实际处理效果表明,使用SRME技术处理后的叠加剖面多次波去除效果明显,剖面基底清楚,断面清晰。通过对SRME技术应用于浅水区域的探讨,证实了SRME技术在海洋高分辨率地震勘探浅水区域应用效果较好。 相似文献
195.
Time series of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ2H and δ18O) in rivers can be used to quantify groundwater contributions to streamflow, and timescales of catchment storage. However, these isotope hydrology techniques rely on distinct spatial or temporal patterns of δ2H and δ18O within the hydrologic cycle. In New Zealand, lack of understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of δ2H and δ18O of river water hinders development of regional and national-scale hydrological models. We measured δ2H and δ18O monthly, together with river flow rates at 58 locations across New Zealand over a two-year period. Results show: (a) general patterns of decreasing δ2H and δ18O with increasing latitude were altered by New Zealand's major mountain ranges; δ2H and δ18O were distinctly lower in rivers fed from higher elevation catchments, and in eastern rain-shadow areas of both islands; (b) river water δ2H and δ18O values were partly controlled by local catchment characteristics (catchment slope, PET, catchment elevation, and upstream lake area) that influence evaporation processes; (c) regional differences in evaporation caused the slope of the river water line (i.e., the relationship between δ2H and δ18O in river water) for the (warmer) North Island to be lower than that of the (cooler, mountain-dominated) South Island; (d) δ2H seasonal offsets (i.e., the difference between seasonal peak and mean values) for individual sites ranged from 0.50‰ to 5.07‰. Peak values of δ18O and δ2H were in late summer, but values peaked 1 month later at the South Island sites, likely due to greater snow-melt contributions to streamflow. Strong spatial differences in river water δ2H and δ18O caused by orographic rainfall effects and evaporation may inform studies of water mixing across landscapes. Generally distinct seasonal isotope cycles, despite the large catchment sizes of rivers studied, are encouraging for transit time analysis applications. 相似文献
196.
Composition and flux of suspended organic matter in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) — impact of the Three Gorges Dam and the role of tributaries and channel erosion
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
To investigate the sources of particulate organic matter (POM) and the impact of Three Gorges Dam (TGD), two large lakes and erosion processes on determining the composition and flux of POM in low water discharge periods along the middle and lower Changjiang, suspended particulate samples were collected along the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) in January 2008. Organic geochemistry of bulk sediment (particulate organic carbon, organic carbon to nitrogen molar ratio (C/N), stable carbon isotope (δ13C) and grain size) and biomarker of bulk sediment (lignin phenols) were measured to trace the sources of POM. The range of C/N ratios (6.4–8.9), δ13C (?24.3‰ – ?26.2‰) and lignin phenols concentration Λ8 (0.45 mg/100 mg OC‐2.00 mg/100 mg OC) of POM suggested that POM originated from the mixture of soil, plant tissue and autochthonous organic matter (OM) during the dry season. POM from lakes contained a higher portion of terrestrial OM than the mainstream, which was related to sand mining and hydropower erosion processes. A three end‐member model based on δ13C and Λ8 was performed. The results indicated that soil contributed approximately 50% of OM to the POM, which is the dominant OM source in most stations. POM composition was affected by total suspended matter (TSM) and grain size composition, and the direct OM input from two lakes and channel erosion induced OM. The lower TSM concentration in January 2008 was mainly caused by seasonal variations; the impact from the TGD in the dry season was relatively small. A box model indicated that more than 90% of the terrestrial OM transported by the Changjiang in January 2008 was from the middle and lower drainage basins. Channel erosion induced OM, and contributions from Poyang Lake were the major terrestrial OM sources in the dry season. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
197.
Huawu Wu Jinglu Wu Kadyrbek Sakiev Jinzhao Liu Jing Li Bin He Ya Liu Beibei Shen 《水文研究》2019,33(12):1658-1669
Characterization of spatial and temporal variability of stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) of surface waters is essential to interpret hydrological processes and establish modern isotope–elevation gradients across mountainous terrains. Here, we present stable isotope data for river waters across Kyrgyzstan. River water isotopes exhibit substantial spatial heterogeneity among different watersheds in Kyrgyzstan. Higher river water isotope values were found mainly in the Issyk‐Kul Lake watershed, whereas waters in the Son‐Kul Lake watershed display lower values. Results show a close δ18O–δ2H relation between river water and the local meteoric water line, implying that river water experiences little evaporative enrichment. River water from the high‐elevation regions (e.g., Naryn and Son‐Kul Lake watershed) had the most negative isotope values, implying that river water is dominated by snowmelt. Higher deuterium excess (average d = 13.9‰) in river water probably represents the isotopic signature of combined contributions from direct precipitation and glacier melt in stream discharge across Kyrgyzstan. A significant relationship between river water δ18O and elevation was observed with a vertical lapse rate of 0.13‰/100 m. These findings provide crucial information about hydrological processes across Kyrgyzstan and contribute to a better understanding of the paleoclimate/elevation reconstruction of this region. 相似文献
198.
199.
200.
Hydrological cycle and water balance estimates for the megadune–lake region of the Badain Jaran Desert,China
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Yan‐Dong Ma Jing‐Bo Zhao Xiao‐Qing Luo Tian‐Jie Shao Zhi‐Bao Dong Qi Zhou 《水文研究》2017,31(18):3255-3268
The hydrology and water balance of megadunes and lakes have been investigated in the Badain Jaran Desert of China. Field observations and analyses of sand layer water content, field capacity, secondary salt content, and grain size reveal 3 types of important natural phenomenon: (a) vegetation bands on the leeward slope of the megadunes reflect the hydrological regime within the sandy vadose zone; (b) seepage, wet sand deposits, and secondary salt deposits indicate the pattern of water movement within the sandy vadose zone; (c) zones of groundwater seeps and descending springs around the lakes reflect the influence of the local topography on the hydrological regime of the megadunes. The seepage exposed on the sloping surface of the megadunes and gravity water contained within the sand layer confirm the occurrence of preferential flow within the vadose zone of the megadunes. Alternating layers of coarse and fine sand create the conditions for the formation of preferential flows. The preferential flows promote movement of water within the sand layer water that leads to deep penetration of water within the megadunes and ultimately to the recharging of groundwater and lake water. Our results indicate that a positive water balance promotes recharge of the megadunes, which depends on the high permeability of the megadune material, the shallow depth of the surface sand layer affected by evaporation, the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 15 mm, and the sparse vegetation cover. Water balance estimates indicate that the annual water storage of the megadunes is about 7.5 mm, accounting for only 8% of annual precipitation; however, the shallow groundwater per unit area under the megadunes receives only 3.6% of annual precipitation, but it is still able to maintain a dynamic balance of the lake water. From a water budget perspective, the annual water storage in the megadunes is sufficient to serve as a recharge source for lake water, thereby enabling the long‐term persistence of the lakes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that precipitation is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid deserts. 相似文献