FIRST REPORT OF BERO ZECO ACTIVE FAULT IN GÊRZÊ, NORTHERN TIBET

In the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, the active tectonics are primarily marked by conjugate strike slip faults and north-trending rifts, which represent the E-W extension since late Cenozoic of the plateau. The conjugate faults are mainly composed of NE-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults in Qiangtang terrane and NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in Lhasa terrane. While, the rifts mainly strike N, NNW and NNE within southern Tibet. However, it is still a debate on the deformational style and specific adjustment mechanism of E-W extension. One of key reasons causing this debate is the lack of detailed investigation of these active faults, especially within the northwestern plateau. Recently, we found a 20km long, NNW-trending active fault at Bero Zeco in northwestern Tibet. This fault is presented as fault sag ponds, channel offsets and fault scarps. Displacement of channels and geomorphic features suggested that the Bero Zeco Fault(BZF)is a dextral strike-slip fault with a small amount of normal slip component, which may result from the E-W extensional deformation in the interior of Tibet. BZF strikes N330°~340°W, as shown on the satellite image. The main Quaternary strata in the studied area are two stages alluvial fans around the Bero Zeco. From the satellite images, the old alluvial fans were cut by the lake shoreline leaving many of lake terraces. And the young fans cut across the lake terraces and the old fans. By contrasting to the "Paleo-Qiangtang Huge Lake" since late Quaternary, these old alluvial fans could be late Pleistocene with age ranging from 40ka to 50ka. And the young fans could be Holocene. The sag ponds along the BZF are distributed in the late Pleistocene alluvial fans. Also, the BZF displaced the late Pleistocene fans without traces within Holocene fans, suggesting that the BZF is a late Pleistocene active fault. The fault scarps are gentler with the slope angle of around 10° and the vertical offset is about 2m by field measurement. Reconstruction of the offset of channels suggested that the accumulated dextral offset could be about 44m on the late Pleistocene alluvial fans. Therefore, we infer that the dextral slip-rate could be around 1mm/a showing a low-rate deformation characteristic. The angle between the strike of BZF and principal compressive stress axis(σ₁)is around 30°, which is significantly different to the other faults within the conjugate strike-slip fault zones that is 60°~75°. Now, the deformation mechanisms on these conjugate faults are mainly proposed in the studies of obtuse angle between the faults and σ₁, which is likely not applicable for the BZF. We infer that the BZF could be the northward prolongation of the north-trending rifts based on the geometry. This difference suggests that the conjugate strike-slip faults may be formed by two different groups:one is obtuse angle, which is related to block extrusion or shear zones in Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes possibly; the other is acute angle, which may represent the characteristics of new-born fractures. And more studies are needed on their deformation mechanisms.     

风成沙纹的研究进展

近半个多世纪以来国内外学者对沙纹各方面有了详尽的研究,使沙纹研究理论逐渐趋向系统化和完善化。在扼要回顾了风成沙纹的研究历史的同时,分别从沙纹形态、沙纹形成过程和沙纹形成中的颗粒分异机制等几方面阐述了沙纹研究的现状及主要进展。最后根据沙纹研究的现状和目前沙纹研究中存在的问题,对将来的研究趋势作了初步探讨。     

风蚀地貌形态与过程研究进展

辨析了雅丹、风蚀坑等主要风蚀地貌的概念,雅丹是典型的风蚀正地貌形态,通过回顾雅丹地貌形态与过程的研究历史与进展,发现目前对其发育过程的认识尚不清楚,并且只关注了对残存土墩的观测和分析,没有充分重视凹槽的形态动力学过程;风蚀坑是典型的风蚀负地貌形态,特别是草原景观转变为沙地景观的临界阈现象,目前已经对独立风蚀坑的形态、气流特征、沉积物粒度以及植被演替过程等方面进行了初步研究,但由于风蚀坑形态是多因素共同作用的结果,需要由单因素观测转向综合分析其形态动力学过程.认为对风蚀过程机理及其模拟的研究中,在利用风洞模拟实验、野外观测等手段对风蚀过程微观尺度进行研究的同时,也需要加强通过遥感和GIS手段从景观尺度对风蚀地貌发展变化过程进行分析.     

Byssal detachment underestimates tolerance of mussels to toxic compounds

Mussels are sedentary organisms attached to solid substrata by means of byssus threads. Mussels detached from their substratum tend to reattach by producing new byssus threads. Therefore, in bioassays using mussels, if the test animals are in an unattached status, increased byssogenic activity would expose their soft body parts to the toxic compound used. We test the tolerance of two mussel species (Mytilopsis leucophaeata and Mytilus edulis) to an oxidizing biocide (chlorine) and show that detached mussels are 24-28% less tolerant than byssally attached ones. Detached mussels also showed higher oxygen consumption, filtration rate, foot activity, byssus thread production and byssogenesis index, parameters which are associated with valve opening. A review of literature showed that most of the published data on toxicity against heavy metals and biocides are generated using unattached mussels. The data, therefore, represent an underestimation of the toxicity of the tested compound. Correction data are presented for chlorine tolerance of Dreissena polymorpha, Mytilopsis leucophaeata and Mytilus edulis. The present study suggests the importance of maintaining mussels in their attached status, while undertaking toxicity bioassays.     

基于以太网的高精度定位系统设计

针对现有多通道定位控制装置数据通信和组网能力有限的问题,设计一种基于以太网的高精度定位系统,以FPGA为核心处理器,结合高性能18位数模和16位模数转换模块、W5300网络通信模块以及PID控制算法。多台定位控制系统可通过交换机或集线器组网,网络传输速度最高可达50Mbps,能实现中心计算机远程设置位置控制参数,以及对位置控制数据的远距离实时采集与分析,不但成本低廉,而且操作方便灵活,适合复杂平台系统的分布式控制,并在测试中通过。     

The impact of cumulus parameterizations and microphysics schemes under different combinations on typhoon track prediction

This study examines the effects of cumulus parameterizations and microphysics schemes on the track forecast of typhoon Nabi using the Weather Research Forecast model. The study found that the effects of cumulus parameterizations on typhoon track forecast were comparatively strong and the typhoon track forecast of Kain-Fritsch (KF) was superior to that of Betts-Miller (BM). When KF was selected, the simulated results would be improved if microphysics schemes were selected than otherwise. The results from Ferrier, WSM6, and Lin were very close to those in the best track. KF performed well with the simulations of the western extension and eastern contraction changes of a North Pacific high as well as the distribution and strength of the typhoon wind field.     

藏南邛多江地堑的晚新生代沉积地层及对南北向裂谷形成时代的初步限定

邛多江地堑构成了藏南近南北向裂谷带最东侧的错那-沃卡裂谷中段,是由地堑西缘高角度正断层主控的半地堑式断陷盆地。详细的地质、地貌调查表明,该地堑内主要充填有晚新生代以来的多套河湖相、冰碛及冰水沉积地层。河湖相地层底部以黏土和粉砂为主,上部以砾石层为主,向上砾石砾径逐渐变大,顶部为早更新世冲积砾石层;冰碛主要发育于地堑中部山前地带,构成宽缓的冰碛台地或者终碛垄、侧碛堤。地层的测年结果表明,该区主要发育两套晚新生代河湖相地层,早期沉积时代早于5Ma,晚期为晚第四纪;而冰碛及冰水沉积的时代主要为中更新世。综合该区地质地貌、沉积和构造等分析结果表明,早期的河湖相沉积与盆地发生初始裂陷后的主边界正断层发生强烈垂直活动有关,而晚期的河湖相沉积主要形成于盆地后期萎缩过程中,成因可能与中更新世以来的冰川堰塞湖有关。由于邛多江地堑受控于西侧主边界正断层,早期沉积应晚于其初始裂陷时代。因此,进一步综合现有年龄数据资料认为,藏南近南北裂谷的初始裂陷时代应早于5~10Ma,但晚于约15Ma。     

浅谈高山地区等高线采集特点与经验

高山地区地貌具有多样性,制约着等高线成果的质量。本文介绍了高山地区的等高线采集特点,并结合工作实践,分析等高线采集的常见问题,总结了提升高山地区等高线质量的方法和经验,供读者参考。     

冰冻圈旅游经济区发展水平及影响因素分析

大香格里拉地区是我国典型的冰冻圈旅游区,冰冻圈资源丰富,且旅游开发较好。以大香格里拉地区为例,运用熵值法、综合指数评价模型与地理探测器相结合的分析方法,对2008—2017年大香格里拉旅游经济区的发展水平及主要影响因素进行了分析,并提出相应政策建议。结果表明：（1）2008—2017年发展水平明显提高,但受冰冻圈资源变化影响较大;（2）该地区以中等偏下发展水平为主,各地区发展不平衡,发展水平差异呈现先扩大后缩小的趋势;（3）冰川面积、冰川面积覆盖率、人均全社会消费品零售总额、旅行社数量和城镇化率是影响大香格里拉地区发展水平的关键因子,经济和社会发展水平的迅速提升,在一定程度上抵消了冰冻圈资源萎缩的负面影响。基于此,应严格遵循生态保护红线,从实际出发,支持各地区发挥比较优势,利用当前冰冻圈资源优势,重点培育冰雪旅游产业,以促进大香格里拉地区发展进程。