Spatial differences in persistent organochlorine pollutant concentrations between the Bering and Chukchi Seas (1993)

During August-September 1993, a joint Russian-United States expedition to the Bering and Chukchi Seas took place. Surface water samples were collected from 21 sites and separated into dissolved (duplicates) and suspended solids; 19 sediment and 6 air samples were also collected. These samples were analysed for 19 organochlorine pesticides, 11 chlorobenzenes and 113 PCB congeners. The report provides data on selected compounds which occured in > or = 75% of the water samples. Highest water concentrations were observed for HCH in open waters north and south of the Bering Strait, both regions being similar (alpha-HCH; 2.2 ng/L and lindane: 0.35 ng/L). Air levels observed were also constant (alpha-HCH; 0.041 ng/m3, lindane: 0.0093 ng/m3). Suspended solids and air particulares contributed little to the concentrations in their respective media, an observation common to all analytes except for the PCBs and the DDT residues. The sum of PCB concentrations in water were higher in the Bering Sea area compared to the Chukchi Sea (1.0 vrs 0.67 ng/L) and lower for air (0.46 vrs 0.23 ng/m3). Sum of DDT in water was higher in the Bering Sea than in the Chukchi Sea (0.23 vrs 0.15 ng/L) while in sediments and air, the Bering Sea concentrations were lower (0.95 vrs 1.6 ng/g and 36 vrs 56 pg/m3, respectively). Other organochlorine compounds for which data are presented include: pp'-DDE, pp'-DDT, dieldrin, HCB, 3 chlorobenzenes and 3 PCB congeners. Fluxes of all these chemicals through the Berin Strait are estimated; they ranged from 57 t/a (alpha-HCH) through 26 t/a (for sum of PCBs) to 0.2 t/a (pp'-DDE, dieldrin and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene). Fugacity ratios for the HCHs and PCBs indicate the alpha-HCH is degassing in both the Bering and Chukchi Seas and that the gamma-isomer is degassing in the Bering Sea and is close to equilibrium (weakly absorbing) in the Chuchi Sea; the sum of PCBs are strongly absorbing in both areas.     

The unusual and large drawdown response of buried-valley aquifers to pumping

The buried-valley aquifers that are common in the glacial deposits of the northern hemisphere are a typical case of the strip aquifers that occur in many parts of the world. Pumping from a narrow strip aquifer leads to much greater drawdown and much more distant drawdown effects then would occur in a sheet aquifer with a similar transmissivity and storage coefficient. Widely used theories for radial flow to wells, such as the Theis equation, are not appropriate for narrow strip aquifers. Previously published theory for flow to wells in semiconfined strip aquifers is reviewed and a practical format of the type curves for pumping-test analysis is described. The drawdown response of strip aquifers to pumping tests is distinctive, especially for observation wells near the pumped well. A case study is presented, based on extensive pumping test experience for the Estevan Valley Aquifer in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Evaluation of groundwater resources in such buried-valley aquifers needs to take into account the unusually large drawdowns in response to pumping.     

2000–2050年东北三省土地利用时空格局变化过程模拟及其生态服务影响研究（英文）

Land use and its dynamics have attracted considerable scientific attention for their significant ecological and socioeconomic implications.Many studies have investigated the past changes in land use,but efforts exploring the potential changes in land use and implications under future scenarios are still lacking.Here we simulate the future land use changes and their impacts on ecosystem services in Northeast China(NEC) over the period of 2000–2050 using the CLUE–S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model under the scenarios of ecological security(ESS),food security(FSS) and comprehensive development(CDS).The model was validated against remote sensing data in 2005.Overall,the accuracy of the CLUE–S model was evaluated at 82.5%.Obtained results show that future cropland changes mainly occur in the Songnen Plain and the Liaohe Plain,forest and grassland changes are concentrated in the southern Lesser Khingan Mountains and the western Changbai Mountains,while the Sanjiang Plain will witness major changes of the wetlands.Our results also show that even though CDS is defined based on the goals of the regional development plan,the ecological service value(ESV) under CDS is RMB 2656.18 billion in 2050.The ESV of CDS is lower compared with the other scenarios.Thus,CDS is not an optimum scenario for eco-environmental protection,especially for the wetlands,which should be given higher priority for future development.The issue of coordination is also critical in future development.The results can help to assist structural adjustments for agriculture and to guide policy interventions in NEC.     

中国超级杂交稻在孟印缅地区的生产潜力模拟

水稻是孟加拉国、印度和缅甸最重要的粮食作物,研究中国超级杂交稻对孟印缅地区的水稻增产潜力,对于保障孟中印缅经济走廊的粮食安全与区域可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。在全面收集孟印缅地区气候、土壤、田间管理信息和农业统计数据的基础上,结合中国籼型杂交稻F优498和丰两优4号的品种信息和区试数据,通过EPIC模型模拟了1996-2005年雨季孟印缅3国在不同情景下的超级稻生产潜力,并分析了孟印缅地区主要胁迫因子对超级稻单产潜力的影响。研究表明：① 中国超级杂交稻在孟印缅地区2000年的灌溉和施肥水平下单产潜力为10.22 t/ha,在充分灌溉且合理施肥的水平下单产潜力为11.33 t/ha。② 孟印缅地区雨季稻的增产空间达22771万t,水稻增产潜力最大的地区是印度的恒河平原东部、印度半岛东南沿海与缅甸的伊洛瓦底三角洲。③ 印度德干高原东北部、西南部和印度大平原西北部需要进一步完善灌溉设备以满足高产水稻用水,缅甸的中南部平原地区和印度的东北地区则需要增施氮肥以满足高产水稻用肥。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Dibdibba aquifer using hydrogeochemical and isotope techniques(Basrah Province,Iraq)

The Dibdibba aquifer is considered to be the main source in the Al-Zubair area because agriculture depends on it to provide grazing water in the area. The groundwater well samples were collected from the shallow Dibdibba Aquifer in Basra Province, southern Iraq, through the dry and wet period for 37 water samples were collected,to investigate the water quality deterioration, which is a hydrogeochemical modeling study where used to represent the groundwater mixing evaluation. The physicochemical ...     

慢震复合性质的进一步证据:1997年4月28日爱德华王子岛地震

1997年4月28日爱德华王子岛转换断层地震(M_u6.8)的地震图清楚地显示了两类破裂的重叠,一种是正常地震,一种是在低频辐射能量的慢成分。我们将低频谱数据和P波波形数据结合起来,反演满足0.001～2.5 Hz数据的震源时间函数。结果表明地震开始于快主震前约15s的一个慢事件,它是持续时间在30s以上慢震的一部分。在地区性台站P波到时初始部分期间,从高频能量低振幅推断初始事件的平滑度。方向性分析表明,破裂的这两种成分发生在不同断层上。慢事件发生在主转换断层上,快事件发生在以东40 km的一个平行断层上。1994年罗曼什转换断层上发生过一个包括慢成分和快成分的近似的复合序列,且在多个断层上都发生了破裂。慢震的这些结果和其他结果表明,海洋转换断层上的许多大地震都是复合事件。     

中国土地利用/土地覆盖的多尺度空间分布特征分析

研究了我国土地利用影响因素及其空间规模相关性,采用数理统计与ＧＩＳ手段从多个规模尺度上探讨了我国土地利用的空间分布特征。其结果对全国以及各级政府进行土地利用规划、制定相应的土地开发与利用政策等具有一定的参考意义。     

大陆边缘形成过程中裂谷作用、断裂作用、沉积作用与地幔蛇纹石化的相互关系--以挪威海为例

通过2D热-构造-地层盆地模拟,研究了在大陆裂谷作用过程中地幔蛇纹石化的条件,该模拟试图追踪大陆地壳流变学演化,阐明沉积物覆盖效应,并且动态地控制蛇纹石化过程。基本思想是如果要发生地壳规模的断裂作用和地幔蛇纹石化,那么整个伸展陆壳必须是脆性的。这种反应的均衡和潜在的热效应与构造和热溶解完全相关。系统的参数研究表明存在一个使得地壳完全脆化和蛇纹石化发生的临界伸展因子。由于沉积物的覆盖效应致使地壳温度升高,沉积速率的增加可以使这个关键伸展因子变得更大。因此沉积物供给通过温度控制的粘性流动,强烈控制了地壳的强度,而地幔的蛇纹石化反应仅仅可能当沉积速率低而伸展因子高的时候发生。在一个典型的实例,挪威陆缘,我们试验了位于More和Voting边缘之下的内部下陆壳体(LCB)是否可能是蛇纹石化地幔。Scheck-Wenderoth和Maystrenko(2011)以3D资料为基础建立了多条2D剖面。我们发现蛇纹石化反应是可能的,而且可能是在侏罗纪裂陷作用阶段。预测的部分蛇纹石化地幔的厚度和位置与地震和重力资料确定的LCB信息吻合。我们认为挪威陆缘之下的一些LCB可能是部分蛇纹石化地幔。     

卡斯卡迪亚古陆俯冲带上的间歇式颤动和滑动: 静滑动的嘟囔声

我们在曾一度被认为很平静,具有独特非地震活动特征的地区,北卡斯卡迪亚古陆俯冲带下部界面上观测到一些重复发生的慢滑动事件。颤动式地震信号在时空上与过去6年里连续的地壳运动数据中识别出来的滑动事件相关。在滑动间隔期内,颤动活动小到几乎不存在。我们称这一相关的颤动和滑动现象为“间歇性颤动滑动(ETS)”,并认为ETS活动可用于卡斯卡迪亚古陆大型俯冲地震带应力聚集的实时监测。