Equivalent series system to model a multiple friction pendulum system with numerous sliding interfaces for seismic analyses

Current structural analysis software programs offer few if any applicable device-specifi c hysteresis rules or nonlinear elements to simulate the precise mechanical behavior of a multiple friction pendulum system(MFPS) with numerous sliding interfaces.Based on the concept of subsystems,an equivalent series system that adopts existing nonlinear elements with parameters systematically calculated and mathematically proven through rigorous derivations is proposed.The aim is to simulate the characteristics of sliding motions for an MFPS isolation system with numerous concave sliding interfaces without prior knowledge of detailed information on the mobilized forces at various sliding stages.An MFPS with numerous concave sliding interfaces and one articulated or rigid slider located between these interfaces is divided into two subsystems: the fi rst represents the concave sliding interfaces above the slider,and the second represents those below the slider.The equivalent series system for the entire system is then obtained by connecting those for each subsystem in series.The equivalent series system is validated by comparing numerical results for an MFPS with four sliding interfaces obtained from the proposed method with those from a previous study by Fenz and Constantinou.Furthermore,these numerical results demonstrate that an MFPS isolator with numerous concave sliding interfaces,which may have any number of sliding interfaces,is a good isolation device to protect structures from earthquake damage through appropriate designs with controllable mechanisms.     

美国地震学会通报(BSSA)2008年四川汶川地震专集介绍

四川汶川MW7．9地震发生在2008年5月12日北京时间14时28分（国际协调时问6时28分）。地震的突然来袭令人措手不及,因为这个位于青藏高原边缘的地区并没有被列为地震高危险区。地震造成了巨大破坏：400多万居民无家可归,伤亡人数超过8万,并有重大的经济损失。这次地震是中国近几个世纪以来最大的地震灾难之一,     

Accumulation features of trace elements in mass-stranded harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the North Sea coast in 2002: the body distribution and association with growth and nutrition status

Body distribution and growth- and nutritional status-dependent accumulation of 21 trace elements were investigated in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) stranded in the North Sea coast in 2002. Higher concentrations and burdens of Mn, Se, Mo, Ag, Sn, Hg, and Bi in the liver, Cd in the kidney, As in the blubber, and Co, Sr, and Ba in the bone were observed. Significant positive correlations of hepatic Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, Tl, and Bi with standard body length were found, while significant negative relationships were detected for Mn, As, Rb, Sr, and Sb in the liver. Concentrations of Co, Se, Sr, Sn, Hg, and Bi in the liver, V, Sr, Ag, Sn, and Hg in the kidney, V, Mn, Co, Rb, Sr, Sn, Ba, and Pb in the blubber increased with decreasing blubber thickness of harbor seals, indicating enrichment of these elements in the target tissue by emaciation.     

时间比对融合算法分析与比较

为提升高精度时间比对的可靠性, 结合卫星双向时间比对(Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer, TWSTFT)和GPS精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning, PPP)时间比对长短稳特性, 利用稳定度加权、Vondrák-\vCepek组合滤波以及 Kalman滤波融合方法对中国科学院国家授时中心(National Time Service Center, NTSC)和德国物理技术研究院(Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB)间的TW-STFT和GPS PPP时间比对结果进行了融合处理并对3者进行了比较分析. 结果表明, 3种融合算法对于TWSTFT中的周日效应以及GPS PPP结果的``天跳''现象都有不同程度的改善, 融合结果与GPS PPP链路差值(Double Clock Difference, DCD)结果的绝对值保持在链路校准的不确定度范围内. 3者1d的时间和频率稳定度可以达到亚纳秒和10^-15量级, Vondrák-\vCepek融合方法1d以内的稳定度最高, 适用于对短稳要求高的时间比对链路的融合. 稳定度加权、Kalman滤波融合保真度较好, 适用于对准确度要求高的时间比对链路融合.     

Tonian–Ediacaran Tectonometamorphic History of the Sa’al Complex, Sinai (Egypt): Implications for the Tectonostratigraphic Framework of the Northern Arabian–Nubian Shield

The Sa''al Metamorphic Complex (SMC; southern Sinai) encompasses the oldest arc rocks in the Arabian–Nubian Shield, comprising two non-consanguineous metavolcanic successions (the Agramiya Group and the Post-Ra''ayan Formation) separated by the metasediments of the Ra''ayan Formation. It experienced three distinct deformational events (D1–D3) and two low-medium grade regional metamorphic events (M1–M2). The Agramiya Group and the Ra''ayan Formation experienced all tectonometamorphic events (D1–D3 and M1–M2), whereas the Post-Ra''ayan volcanic rocks were only affected by the D3 and M2 events. D1 is an extensional event and is connected to the late Rodinia break-up (~Tonian; 900–870 Ma). The M1 metamorphism variably affected the older Agramiya Group, the rhyolitic tuffs experiencing lower to upper greenschist facies conditions and the basic and intermediate volcanic rocks undergoing amphibolite facies metamorphism. The Ra''ayan Formation metasediments experienced upper greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. The upper greenschist facies M2 affected the youngest Post-Ra''ayan volcanic rocks and other stratigraphic successions. The compressive D2 and D3 events were coeval with the accretion of dismembered terranes in the assembly of Gondwana. D2 can be linked to the Tonian–Cryogenian arc-arc assembly (~880–760 Ma; in Elat and Sinai), whereas D3 and the accompanying M2 is constrained to 622–600 Ma (Ediacaran).     

SWAT模型在斯里兰卡河流径流预测中的运用

本文运用SWAT模型和新安江模型对斯里兰卡卡鲁河流域上游地区日径流进行了预测.卡鲁河是斯里兰卡的第二大河,由于流域的降雨量很大,上游地区河流沿峡谷流下,中下游平原地区河床平坦.卡鲁河流域的洪水变的很正常.应用SWAT模型来对卡鲁河的日径流量进行预测,并同应用新安江模型所得到的结果做对比.研究表明,新安江模型要比SWAT (分布式水文模型)模型在卡鲁河日径流量预测上稍微好一些.实际上,或许数据质量不高或不恰当是部分原因,因为SWAT的输出成果严格取决于其输入的数据质量.此外,在斯里兰卡,许多人的日常用水是靠井水.当把流域看作一个整体,通常都是一个很大的范围,那样的话就不可能详尽的记录所有各个小规模的水利用,例如:小灌溉、小规模的家畜管理和工业水利用.这些水利用累积起来或许就很可观.这些数据的缺失对分布式水文模型在水平衡的应用有着独特的影响.但是概念水文模型(如新安江模型)可以根据实际情况在校正中调节它的参数,因为这些参数并没有实质的物理含义.因此,在流域特征和模型输入数据有限或不完整的情况下,概念水文模型比分布式水文模型更具优势.     

气象条件与作物生长过程关系的系统生态学研究

研究的构思和展望气象条件与作物生长发育及产量的关系,以往主要是使用多重回归等统计方法进行分析,并试图予以预测。但这种方法存在着两个问题,一个是如果超过了研制模式所用的资料范围(地区、年代等),则模式就不能使用了;另一个是从时间上考虑作物的生长,即处理生长的动态是困难的。真正有效的模式必须是在可以掌握各时段作物生长的实况的同时,还能够预测出其后的生长发育状况以及获得栽培管理上的必要情报。本项研究是在总结上述研究工作的问题后,在如图1所示的构思和展望的基础上,对气象条件与作物生长发育及产量的关系予以     

北京市湿地保护管理的现状与对策

湿地与人类的生存．繁衍．发展息息相关,是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一．不仅为人类的生产、生活提供多种资源．而且具有显著的环境功能和效益,在抵御洪水、调节径流、蓄洪防灾、控制污染、调节气候、控制土壤侵蚀、美化环境等方面具有其它系统不可替代的作用。被誉为“鸟的乐园”和“物种基因库”,并因其重要的生态功能而被称为“自然之肾”。     

韧性剪切带糜棱岩中不对称旋转碎斑系剪切指向模拟实验研究现状及其问题

韧性剪切带是大陆变形过程中形成于地壳深层次的重要构造变形形迹,是重建构造变形温压环境、变形几何学、运动学及动力学的重要研究对象.剪切变形方向的确定是韧性剪切带研究的基础环节之一.尽管指示韧性剪切带剪切方向的标志很多,但是由于韧性剪切带变形过程的复杂性,实际工作中往往很难准确地限定剪切方向,甚至常常会发现同一条韧性剪切带中发育指向相反的剪切标志.在变形岩石中,不对称旋转碎斑系被认为是判断韧性剪切带剪切方向的可靠标志.根据有拖尾的旋转碎斑系判断剪切指向要比"云母鱼"、"多米诺"等组构可靠得多.总结前人的理论和模拟试验成果,可以清楚地认识到,碎斑系的演化是其形态、轴率、初始方位、基质及其界面性质、运动学涡度、剪应变强度、剪切带宽度/碎斑短轴等因素综合作用的结果.深刻认识不对称旋转碎斑系在韧性剪切带形成过程中的发育过程、限制条件、影响因素,将有助于准确地运用它们来判断韧性剪切变形的构造指向,以便进一步研究与该韧性剪切变形相关的大陆动力学.     

Effects of sediment organic matter quality on bioaccumulation, degradation, and distribution of pyrene in two macrofaunal species and their surrounding sediment

Sediment dwelling macrofauna (infauna) are important vectors for the transfer of sediment-associated contaminants to higher trophic levels. Sedimenting organic matter constitutes an important food source for all benthic organisms and changes seasonally in terms of quantity and quality. Sediment organic matter (SOM) quality affects organism activity and feeding behaviour, and is therefore also likely to affect contaminant fate in benthic systems. We investigated the impact of SOM quality (enrichment with either labile Tetraselmis sp. or refractory lignin) on the accumulation and metabolism of sediment-associated pyrene in Nereis diversicolor (Annelida) and Amphiura filiformis (Echinodermata), as well as the combined effect of SOM quality and infaunal bioturbation on pyrene distribution and metabolism in the sediment. After 45 d of exposure, SOM quality almost doubled pyrene bioaccumulation in both species, while pyrene metabolism remained unaffected. Metabolites comprised approximately 80% of the total tissue pyrene in N. diversicolor and approximately 40% in A. filiformis. A. filiformis arms contained one fifth of the disk pyrene concentration. Approximately 20% of the pyrene found in A. filiformis arms was found to be covalently bound to, e.g. DNA, RNA or proteins, thus reducing pyrene bioavailability to arm-cropping predators. The sedimentary pyrene distribution and metabolism was species-dependent, but correlated poorly with prevailing knowledge on species-specific bioturbation patterns. This was attributed to the comparably high biodegradability of the contaminant thus altering its sorptive characteristics and function as inert tracer. Subduction of pyrene and metabolites occurred, and the fraction of pyrene covalently bound to SOM increased with depth, thereby removing pyrene from the bioavailable pool. Our results imply that bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of sediment-associated PAH should increase following fresh organic matter input, e.g. after sedimentation of phytoplankton blooms. We stress the importance of considering behavioural characteristics of infauna and the trophic situation of the system when assessing fate and effects of sediment-associated contaminants.