拉伸造山带的位移和应变模式

由拉伸造山带内的位移所造成的岩石组构,提供了一种方法,利用这种方法便可以鉴别大陆壳发生拉伸作用的几何模式。应变协调性的论证表明,引起有限拉伸力作用的原因可以是,横穿(1)面状非旋转断层或韧性剪切带,(2)在一水平挤离之上旋转的剪切带(多米诺模式),或者(3)山于水平纯剪切拉伸分量而发生旋转的剪切带(塑性模式)。正常的铲状剪切带的几何形态,可能是由于纯剪切分量(塑性模式)或面积丧失分量(面状剪切带模式)随深度发生变化而发展起来的。研究过在这些不同模式的几何格架中迭加的简单剪切、纯剪切拉伸作用和面积变化对岩石组构的影响。这些位移分量可以是依次或者是同时迭加的,它们决定了与一定量的构造拉伸作用相关的有限应变状态。位移与应变之间的关系,是用叶理倾角(或应变率)对剪切应变的图解和叶理倾角(或应变率)对构造拉伸作用的图解表示的。剪切应变图解说明不同位移分量对一个剪切带中岩石组构的影响,而构造拉伸图解则能更好地说明这些位移分量的区域性影响。野外地质人员可以用剪切应变图解和构造拉伸作用图解来解决下述问题:(1)根据应变率测量叶理方位及其变化,确定横穿一个区域的构造拉伸作用,(2)根据野外资料区别可能的各种拉伸模式,(3)评价剪切带的产状和覃度对位移量的影响。对将这些方法应用于亚利桑那州的变质核部杂岩体以及北美科迪勒拉山脉“盆地和山区”的野外工作中作了阐述。     

显微拉曼光谱仪在分析和鉴定薄片矿物中的应用

显微拉曼光谱仪是研究薄片中矿物的有用工具。这种技术作为分析微粒矿物的姑构探针的优点已为研究SiO_2和MgSiO_3的同质多象所证实。用拉曼显微探针在原位鉴定了Coconino砂岩薄片中氧化硅的三种同质多象——石英、柯石英和玻璃,还获得了采自同一岩石的斯石英的拉曼光谱。结果表明:冲击作用形成的斯石英是具有金红石结构的高压氧化硅相。MgSiO_3的三种同质多象原顽火辉石、顽火辉石和斜顽辉石的拉曼谱揭示出其结构相似于辉石类链状结构,但空间群不同。每一实例的特征拉曼光谱能用作物相及其定向的“指纹”鉴定。     

瑞士阿尔卑斯山冰川径流的一个模式

本文利用自回归复回归数学模型和传递函数对瑞士阿尔卑斯山兹姆特冰川流域的流量进行了模拟计算。根据冰川消融过程的差异,将进行统计年份的消融季节划分为三个随机样本。最好的预报因子是流量本身、气温和经气温加权后的降水量。反射率的变化在模式中起着重要作用,而太阳辐射和流量之间的相关关系较微弱。     

地震危险性分析中贝叶斯模型的意义及其应用

本文重点讨论贝叶斯模型的推理结构及其在地震危险性分析中的意义。当历史记录较少时,用定值参数的常用模型(如,用确定平均发生率的泊松模型)不能给出危险性的合理估计。贝叶斯模型考虑了参数本身的不确定性,且能灵活地结合来自地震地质的信息,给出逻辑上一致的危险性估计。本文还提供了把地震地质证据和统计资料结合起来的具体力法,并附有简单列子作为说明。     

石英—赤铁矿化作用的压力和温度的确定——(据流体包裹体显微测温及同位素O~(18)/O~(16)的测定)

在弗西托格比尔格(巴燕东北方向)的花岗岩中有些部位聚集了石英脉,而在弗西托格比尔格地区,靠奥克森考夫岩体的东南侧的石英脉的聚集特别引入注意。在那里赤铁矿呈镜铁矿的形式出现(格拉森歌岩块的石英—镜铁矿脉),而石英脉厚达10米。格拉森歌岩块的石英脉的围岩是中心相花岗岩,该岩石在石英脉附近遭受热液蚀变(史塔纳赫花岗岩)。中     

混合式三维电磁模拟方法

在地球物理文献中对三维电磁问题讨论过有限的几种数值解。这些数值解是利用积分方程,有限元法或有限差分技术获得的。莱尼斯和乔尼斯(Lines和Jones,1973)以及雷戴等人(Reddy等,1977)分别应用有限差分和有限元技术提出了关于三维大地电磁     

斜长石中Al、Si有序的测量图解

三个干燥加热斜长石的分析晶格参数表明,它们具有像合成斜长石那样“高”的有序度。它们的晶体结构分析证明,在过渡成分的高温斜长石中,具有一种意想不到的 Al、Si 有序度(Kroll 1978)。特别是 An27.8(于1160℃加热22天),在 T_1O 四面体位置有 t_1o—0.4Al,其它三个位置各自具有 t_1o—0.3Al[即〈t_1m〉=1/3(t_1m t_2O t_2m)—0.3Al。An52(于1255℃加热29天),具有 t_1o—0.48.Al,〈t_1m〉—0.35Al。An68.7(于1365℃加热42天),具有 t_1o—0.52Al,〈t_1m〉—0.39Al。这些数据需要用测量斜长石中 Al,Si 分配的图解,根据人们熟知的△131=20(131)—20(1 )参数以及晶格角γ进行估算。用△131和γ作为钙长石分子百分比的函数作图,并绘制 t_1o—〈t_1m〉图。用γ绘制的图可得到比较精确的结果,如果斜长石中正长石含量尚不知道的话,应使用这种图,但是晶格参数必须慎重地精选.△131值的测定是要容易得多,利用它确定结构状态的精确度却稍许差一些,但是要求正长石的含量必须是已知的.此外,如果不同样品的 t_1o—〈t_1m〉值对比较是富有意义的,还要求必须修正钙长石含量对△131的影响.     

Sorption of radioactive contaminants by sediment from the Kara Sea

The purpose of this study is to quantify some of the parameters needed to perform near-field modelling of sites in the Kara Sea that were impacted by the disposal of radioactive waste. The parameters of interest are: the distribution coefficients (Kd) for several important radionuclides, the mineralogy of the sediment, and the relationship of Kd to liquid-to-solid ratio. Sediment from the Kara Sea (location: 73 degrees 00'N, 58 degrees 00'E) was sampled from a depth of 287 m on August 23/24, 1992. Analysis of the material included mineralogy, grain size and total organic carbon (TOC). Uptake kinetics were determined for 85Sr, 137Cs, 241Am, 99Tc, 1251, 232U and 210Pb and distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined for these radionuclides using batch type experiments. Sorption isotherms, developed for 137Cs, 85Sr and 99Tc, were linear in each case. Increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio strongly increased uptake of 137Cs and moderately increased uptake of 99Tc. Analysis for anthropogenic radionuclides indicated the presence only of 239/240Pu in the sediment with the highest activity (at the top section of the core) being 0.420 Bq kg(-1). Other anthropogenic radionuclides were below detection limits.     

Spatial differences in persistent organochlorine pollutant concentrations between the Bering and Chukchi Seas (1993)

During August-September 1993, a joint Russian-United States expedition to the Bering and Chukchi Seas took place. Surface water samples were collected from 21 sites and separated into dissolved (duplicates) and suspended solids; 19 sediment and 6 air samples were also collected. These samples were analysed for 19 organochlorine pesticides, 11 chlorobenzenes and 113 PCB congeners. The report provides data on selected compounds which occured in > or = 75% of the water samples. Highest water concentrations were observed for HCH in open waters north and south of the Bering Strait, both regions being similar (alpha-HCH; 2.2 ng/L and lindane: 0.35 ng/L). Air levels observed were also constant (alpha-HCH; 0.041 ng/m3, lindane: 0.0093 ng/m3). Suspended solids and air particulares contributed little to the concentrations in their respective media, an observation common to all analytes except for the PCBs and the DDT residues. The sum of PCB concentrations in water were higher in the Bering Sea area compared to the Chukchi Sea (1.0 vrs 0.67 ng/L) and lower for air (0.46 vrs 0.23 ng/m3). Sum of DDT in water was higher in the Bering Sea than in the Chukchi Sea (0.23 vrs 0.15 ng/L) while in sediments and air, the Bering Sea concentrations were lower (0.95 vrs 1.6 ng/g and 36 vrs 56 pg/m3, respectively). Other organochlorine compounds for which data are presented include: pp'-DDE, pp'-DDT, dieldrin, HCB, 3 chlorobenzenes and 3 PCB congeners. Fluxes of all these chemicals through the Berin Strait are estimated; they ranged from 57 t/a (alpha-HCH) through 26 t/a (for sum of PCBs) to 0.2 t/a (pp'-DDE, dieldrin and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene). Fugacity ratios for the HCHs and PCBs indicate the alpha-HCH is degassing in both the Bering and Chukchi Seas and that the gamma-isomer is degassing in the Bering Sea and is close to equilibrium (weakly absorbing) in the Chuchi Sea; the sum of PCBs are strongly absorbing in both areas.     

Can a pollution event be detected using a single biological effects monitoring method?

The trends of malformation prevalence in embryos of dab, Limanda limanda, in the southern North Sea after the year 1990 mirrored the drop in major pollutants in the rivers draining into the German Bight. Despite this general decline, we detected a pollution event in the southern North Sea in winter 1995/1996 employing the prevalence of malformations in pelagic dab embryos as an indicator. An abrupt rise in malformation prevalence in the embryos of dab, corresponded to a dramatic increase in DDT levels in parent fish from the same area, indicating a hitherto unnoticed introduction of considerable quantities of DDT into the system.