基于环形扫面测量的三维直流电阻率法任意各向异性模型响应特征

高精度地下任意各向异性介质电性分布特征识别是当前的热门研究课题。本文以国内外前人工作为基础,基于非结构化网格,利用基于梯度恢复的后验误差估计指导网格自适应细化过程,实现了直流电阻率法三维有限元数值模拟。通过与一维模型半解析解的对比,验证了本文算法的有效性。考虑到电各向异性介质在观测中存在视电阻率反常现象,本文采用了环形扫面测量方法。通过对几种典型各向异性模型的模拟分析,得到了相应的各向异性影响规律和识别特征,各向异性主轴电阻率之间的比值大小决定了椭圆型视电阻率极性曲线长轴与短轴的比值大小,主轴电阻率的旋转方向会改变视电阻率极性曲线的形状。本文的算法研究及数值模拟技术可为直流电法数据精细处理和解释提供技术支撑。     

夏季大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物碳、氮同位素组成及其物源指示

2015年夏季开展了大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物碳（POC）、氮含量（PN）及其同位素组成的研究,结果表明,δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN的变化范围分别为-25.7‰~-17.4‰和-6.3‰~10.4‰,平均值分别为-20.2‰和8.2‰。大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物含量及其碳氮同位素组成的空间变化反映了不同有机质来源的影响:喜洲岛附近海域表现出高POC、PN、δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN的特征,指征着浮游植物水华的主导贡献;东北部范和港附近海域具有高POC、PN、低δ13C_POC和高δ15N_PN的特征,反映了河流/河口水生有机物的影响;湾顶白寿湾附近海域的δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN出现低值,体现了陆源有机质和人类污水排放的影响。借助δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN的三端元混合模型,定量出海洋自生有机质、陆源有机质、河流/河口水生有机质等3个来源的贡献平均分别为70%、13%和17%,其中海洋自生有机质是夏季大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物的最主要来源。从这3种来源颗粒有机物含量的空间变化看,海洋自生有机质含量由湾内向湾外减少,与初级生产力的空间变化相对应;河流/河口水生有机质含量在大亚湾东北部出现高值;陆源有机质含量在表、底层出现不同态势,表层陆源有机物含量在湾中部海域最低,而底层则呈现出自湾内向湾口增加的趋势,主要受控于离岸距离和珠江冲淡水、粤东沿岸上升流输送的影响。     

近断层应力变化快速计算方法及对强余震空间分布的指示意义:以M_w7.9汶川地震为例

构造地震一般由断层摩擦失稳所致.断层内部及周边所累积的剪切形变则通过同震滑动位移得到局部释放.因此,震后断层内部及近断层周边的静态剪切应力变化量的空间分布可通过断层面上的滑动位移分布计算得到.本文采用傅氏变换方法(FTM)计算单一有限断层同震滑移场所形成的静态剪切应力变化分布,近断层两侧的应力变化计算可由波数域内应力近似算法获得.结果表明,FTM快速有效、易于实现,有效地避免了常规应力计算中奇异值的出现.以2008年Mw7.9中国汶川大地震为例,采用前人所得有限断层滑动位移模型,得到了断层面和近断层周边准3D剪切应力分布解,并同主震后中强余震的空间分布特征作了比较.结果表明,大部分的中强余震震源位置处于剪切应力变化值为正的区域,由同震位移所产生的局部应力降峰值和均值大小同应力变化的正值大致相当,从而表明了快速且有效地计算断层内部及近断层附近的应力变化分布可以为主震后强余震发生的潜在区域提供指示意义.需要强调的是,应力变化空间分布特征的获取强烈地依赖于有限断层滑移模型解.有关滑动位移反演解的多解性对应力变化计算结果的影响,本文作了必要的讨论.     

P2000型测氡仪在气氡连续观测中记录的潮汐现象

利用宁波地震台ZK03井的原气氡观测系统,将P2000型测氡仪应用于气氡连续观测试验,记录到较明显的潮汐现象且其波动幅度较大。功率谱估计结果显示,观测数据存在显著的固体潮效应。同时,与同井观测的动水位、同台观测的VS垂直摆NS向记录的潮汐波形进行对比,发现曲线变化趋势基本一致,每天都有两峰两谷,但存在约2h的时间差。P2000型测氡仪具有自动扣除本底污染的功能,其记录到的波形能更真实地反应地下流体中气氡浓度的动态变化过程,可应用于地震流体气氡的连续观测。     

Diving associated coral breakage in Hong Kong: Differential susceptibility to damage

We conducted the first quantitative assessment of coral breakage along a gradient of diving activities in Hong Kong, the most densely populated city in southern China. A survey of six 1 × 25 m transects at seven sites revealed a total of 81 broken corals, among which 44% were branching, 44% plate-like and 12% massive. There were 3–19 broken colonies per site. At most study sites, the percentage of broken corals exceeded the recommended no-action threshold of 4%, suggesting that management intervention is justified. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of broken coral colonies and the number of divers visiting the site. The branching Acropora and the plate-like Montipora suffered from much higher frequency of damage than their relative abundance, raising the concern that the cumulative impact of such differential susceptibility to breakage may affect coral community composition.     

Acute hypoxic exposure affects gamete quality and subsequent fertilization success and embryonic development in a serpulid polychaete

Hypoxia likely compromises the reproductive success of those marine organisms carrying out external fertilization because their gametes and embryos are inevitably exposed to the external environment. Hydroides elegans, a dominant serpulid polychaete in Hong Kong waters, can spawn throughout the year but the number of recruits drops during summer when hypoxia commonly occurs. This study attempted to explain such observation by investigating the gamete quality, including sperm motility, egg size, complexity and viability, after 1-h hypoxic exposure (1 mg O₂ l⁻¹). In addition, how gamete quality affects fertilization success and embryonic development was examined. After 1-h hypoxic exposure, sperm motility was significantly reduced, compromising fertilization success. Although the eggs remained viable, more malformed embryos and retarded embryonic development were observed. We interpreted that the harmful effect of hypoxia on embryonic development was attributed to the teratogenicity and induced oxidative stress, ultimately causing the reduction in recruitment during summer.     

福建仙游地震序列的震源机制解

2010年8月4日至2013年10月4日福建仙游共记录到地震1209次,其中最大地震为2013年9月4日发生的ML5.0地震。为了加强对仙游地震序列的研究,更好地了解仙游地震的发震构造及震区的区域应力场,本文利用福建数字地震台网宽频带地震记录,采用矩张量反演方法,得到仙游地震序列中ML3.5的6次地震的震源机制解。这6次地震的震源机制解结果较为一致,都为走滑型地震,断层走向为NW向,倾角陡立,主压应力轴方向为近SN向。反演得到的主压应力轴方向与福建地区的区域应力场并不一致,本文认为仙游地震是由位于震区的金钟水库蓄水造成震区应力调整而引起的。     

Failure time variation derived from R–S relation: the role of the static stress perturbation

In general, earthquake cycle related to earthquake faulting could include four major processes which could be described by (1) fault locking, (2) self-acceleration or nucleation (possible foreshocks), (3) coseismic slip, and (4) post-stress relaxation and afterslip. A sudden static stress change/perturbation in the surrounding crust can advance/delay the fault instability or failure time and modify earthquake rates. Based on a simple one-dimensional spring-slider block model with the combination of rate-and-state-dependent friction relation, in this study, we have approximately derived the simple analytical solutions of clock advance/delay of fault failures caused by a sudden static Coulomb stress change applied in the different temporal evolution periods during an earthquake faulting. The results have been used in the physics-based explanation of delayed characteristic earthquake in Parkfield region, California, in which the next characteristic earthquake of M 6.0 after 1966 occurred in 2004 instead of around 1988 according to its characteristic return period of 22 years. At the same time, the analytical solutions also indicate that the time advance/delay in Coulomb stress change derived by the dislocation model has a certain limitation and fundamental flaw. Furthermore, we discussed the essential difference between rate- and state-variable constitutive (R–S) model and Coulomb stress model used commonly in current earthquake triggering study, and demonstrated that, in fact, the Coulomb stress model could be involved in the R–S model. The results, we have obtained in this study, could be used in the development of time-dependent fault interaction model and the probability calculation related to the time-dependent and renewal earthquake prediction model.     

地文期与地文期研究

在20世纪初期至中期,地文期研究帮助解决了中国新生代地形发育和地层划分的相对时序难题。由于W.M.Davis侵蚀循环学说适用于追溯作整体抬升的高原的“构造运动、过程和阶段”发育特征,所以,如今地文期研究对取得青藏高原隆起历史证据、寻求云贵高原喀斯特发育历史与高原地文发育各阶段间的对应关系,以及重建新生代早期中国地理环境等重要理论与实践问题都具有重要意义。随着地球科学的发展与科学技术的进步,侵蚀循环在理论和方法上应当作些相应补充和修正:侵蚀期所对应的堆积物———初始冲积、断块抬升区边缘的相关沉积,以及年代学问题等,均需要作进一步的研究。     

钢桁梁桥基于模型修正方法的损伤程度识别研究

在钢桁梁桥模型损伤定位的基础上,采用模型修正方法对其损伤程度进行识别,对其中几个关键问题进行了研究分析,得出了一些有用的结论,可作为实际桥梁健康监测的参考依据。