中等排放情景下中国未来不同强度降雨对总降雨贡献的区域差异（2006―2100年）

采用RCP6.0中等排放情景下2006―2100年WRF 30 km×30 km日值降雨数据,根据中国气象局颁布的降雨强度等级划分标准,探究了中国不同强度降雨及其对总降雨贡献的变化趋势的空间差异特征。结果表明：1）在雨量上,中等排放情景下2006―2100年中国不同强度降雨呈现出不同的空间分异格局。小雨和中雨自东北向西南呈“高―低―高”的三块式空间分布特征;大雨、暴雨、大暴雨和总暴雨均呈“东南高,西北低”的分异格局;特大暴雨仅东南沿海的部分地区分布较多;总降雨呈“南方高,北方次之,西北低”的空间分异格局。2）在雨量贡献率上,强降雨对总降雨的贡献率普遍存在“东南高,西北低”特征,而弱降雨对总降雨的贡献率恰恰相反;不同强度暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率也有类似分布特征。3）在雨量变化趋势上,中国不同强度降雨变化趋势呈现出不同的空间分异格局,但强降雨呈增加趋势的区域显著多于呈减少趋势的区域。4）在雨量贡献率变化趋势上,强（弱）降雨对总降雨的贡献率呈增加（减少）趋势的区域占主导,强降雨对总降雨的贡献率呈增加趋势的地区明显多于弱降雨。5）在不同强度暴雨对总暴雨贡献率的变化趋势上,大暴雨和特大暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率呈增加趋势的区域明显多于暴雨。预估结果表明,中国东部降雨在朝着极端化方向发展。     

Influence of the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation on Extreme Temperature Events in the Northern Hemisphere

The impact of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) on extreme hot and cool events was investigated, by analyzing the observed and reanalysis data for the period from 1983 to 2012. It is found that the frequency of the extreme events in middle and high latitudes is significantly modulated by the BSISO convection in the tropics, with a 3–9-day lag. During phases 1 and 2 when the BSISO positive rainfall anomaly is primarily located over a northwest–southeast oriented belt extending from India to Maritime Continent and a negative rainfall anomaly appears in western North Pacific, the frequency of extreme hot events is 40% more than the frequency of non-extreme hot events. Most noticeable increase appears in midlatitude North Pacific (north of 40°N) and higher-latitude polar region.Two physical mechanisms are primarily responsible for the change of the extreme frequency. First, an upper-tropospheric Rossby wave train (due to the wave energy propagation) is generated in response to a negative heating anomaly over tropical western North Pacific in phases 1 and 2. This wave train consists of a strong high pressure anomaly center northeast of Japan, a weak low pressure anomaly center over Alaska, and a strong high pressure anomaly center over the western coast of United States. Easterly anomalies to the south of the two strong midlatitude high pressure centers weaken the climatological subtropical jet along 40°N, which is accompanied by anomalous subsidence and warming in North Pacific north of 40°N. Second, an enhanced monsoonal heating over South Asia and East Asia sets up a transverse monsoonal overturning circulation, with large-scale ascending (descending) anomalies over tropical Indian (Pacific) Ocean. Both the processes favor more frequent extreme hot events in higher-latitude Northern Hemisphere. An anomalous atmospheric general circulation model is used to confirm the tropical heating effect.     

IERS1996规范中地球引力势模型和测量模型的改进

简要而系统地介绍ＩＥＲＳ１９９６规范采用的地球引力势模型和各种测量模型,着重叙述了其与ＩＥＲＳ１９９２标准相比所作的改进。规范用ＪＧＭ－３地球引力势模型取代ＧＥＭ－Ｔ３模型,在计算地球潮汐形变产生的附加势时展开到３阶,并考虑了地幔的滞弹效应。在测站位移的计算中,规范引入了３倍洛夫数,计及地幔的滞弹性,引入了计算冰后期回弹的ＩＣＥ－４Ｇ模型,列出了改正ＶＬＢＩ观测中天线形变改正的公式。关于地球自转和     

计算机在核电厂工程地质勘察中的应用

去年上半年,我院承担了连云港核电厂一期核岛、常规岛及海水取排水和人工边坡的工程地质勘察工作.由于是核电厂厂址勘察,业主及设计部门在外业勘察及内业资料处理上提出全部资料采用计算机处理,并提供成果报告的光盘或软盘.这意味着我们的全部成果资料应该是数字化的.     

中国数字地震台网(CDSN)的运行与数据质量控制

１　中国数字地震台网（ＣＤＳＮ）的运行状况ＣＤＳＮ系原国家地震局通过中美地震科技合作的途径,于１９８６年７月建成的我国第一个全国规模的数字地震台网。该台网在经过１年多时间的试运行后,于１９８７年１０月通过国家地震局与美国地质调查局联合组织的技术评审和验收,转入正式运行。１９９３～１９９７年中美双方对ＣＤＳＮ进行了二期技术改造。截止１９９８年底,该台网已连续运行近１３年。ＣＤ－ＳＮ由北京（白家疃）,兰州,恩施,昆明,琼中,上海（佘山）,乌鲁木齐,海拉尔,牡丹江,拉萨,西安等１１个数字地震台站和设在…     

防治海岸工程建设项目对海洋环境污染损害的法律问题研究

突飞猛进的经济发展和科学技术进步使得人类的各项需求发生质的改变,当陆地资源的开发利用已经趋近饱和时,人们对于海洋资源的开发利用需求随之激增。由于海岸工程数量和规模的日益扩大,其法律问题层出不穷,其中防治海岸工程对于海洋环境的污染在立法和实践上存在滞后和空白。因此,为更好地保护海洋环境,就要解决现有法律中存在的不足,使之具备更实际的可操作性以解决海岸工程建设项目对海洋环境的污染问题。目前问题主要集中在三大方面：海洋法律制度体系不完善、海洋污染损害赔偿责任机制不健全以及公众参与机制不健全。在此立法现状背景下,文章通过分析历史缘由和现实原因,提出解决立法局限性的对策和建议,即健全系统海洋法律制度体系,明确细化法律责任,完善海洋污染损害赔偿制度,落实公众参与机制,建立环境知情机制。     

Application of electrical and electromagnetic methods to study sedimentary covers in high mountain areas

The results of geophysical studies conducted with selected electrical and electromagnetic methods in the Kondratowa Valley in the Tatra Mountains (the Carpathian Mountains, Poland) are presented in the article. The surveys were performed with the following methods: electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), georadar (GPR) and conductivity meter (CM). The objective of the noninvasive geophysical measurements was to determine the thickness of the Quaternary postglacial sediments that fill the bottom of the valley and to designate the accumulation of boulders deposited on Quaternary sediments. The results of ERT surveys conducted along the axis of the valley allowed to determine the changeability of the thickness of the postglacial sediments and allowed to designate a few areas of occurrence of boulders. The ERT, GPR and CM surveys conducted across the valley allowed to designate with high accuracy the thickness of the accumulation of boulders sliding down the valley bottom from the couloirs surrounding the valley.     

Fungal air contamination in distinct sites within a municipal landfill area

Municipal wastes collected in landfills are a significant source of air contamination and frequently characterize by elevated concentrations of different fungi. Posing a serious health threat to landfill workers and local residents, the fungal aerosol has to be monitored with respect to its quantity and quality. In this study, concentrations of airborne fungi, their particle size distribution, species composition and the presence of cytotoxic strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed in different sites within the landfill area. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the fungal aerosol were determined with respect to a season and landfill activity level (i.e. exploitation or standstill periods). Within the landfill area, particular sites were grouped with regard to airborne fungi concentrations and similarities in species composition. The qualitative analysis indicated that 43 species were shared during both sampling times, and only nine species were characteristic for the standstill period. Among fungal isolates, 21 strains of A. fumigatus revealed cytotoxic activity expressed at different levels, depending on the fungal extract concentrations used in the MTT assay. The results suggested that exposure (especially in summer) to small airborne particles, containing distinct species, may occur not only in the active sector but also in close vicinity to the landfill. Hence, microbial monitoring of the landfill and surrounding area should be carried out taking into account both quantitative aspect supplemented by size distribution analysis and qualitative features, especially of those strains possessing cytotoxic activity.     

水下运动物体间相互作用力的计算探讨

本文首先用体内奇点分布法建立了水下多个运动回转体的数学模型,基此提出了一种新的计算多物体相互作用力的方法──等价拓展体法,达到考虑粘性、简化边界层计算的目的。以上方法都以两个运动回转体为例作了数值计算与比较。     

“白云石问题”及其实验研究

“白云石问题”无疑是地质学上最有趣最长久的难题之一。作为一种常见的碳酸盐矿物,白云石在地质历史时期大量 发育,却在现代海洋沉积环境中鲜少沉积,并且在实验室模拟海水条件下也几乎无法低温合成。白云石[CaMg(CO3)2]不同于 Ca2+、Mg2+无序的高镁方解石,具有阳离子有序超结构,空间群为R-3,在地表条件下为热力学稳定相。尽管人们尝试模拟 自然界中白云石存在的物理化学条件,但却几乎没有从实验中成功合成有序白云石。在已有的实验室研究中,有序白云石 仅能通过高温水热实验形成。这说明白云石的形成极可能是一个动力学控制过程。而近些年被人们广泛接受的白云石微生 物成因模式认为微生物活动是低温白云石形成的关键,相关的微生物矿化实验也证实微生物的存在能够促进高镁方解石的 形成。对白云石问题的探讨不仅对理解白云岩成因具有重要意义,还能够促进矿物学理论研究发展。此次研究从高温合成 实验、低温合成实验、微生物协同沉淀实验等方面综述了有关白云石问题的实验室研究进展,阐明了目前对于白云石问题 认识的局限,有助于更好的理解“白云石问题”和其中所包含的矿物学和物理化学问题,乃至于帮助寻找到它的答案。