真光层海水过饱和甲烷的来源及机制探讨

真光层海水中普遍存在甲烷过饱和现象,尤其是天然气水合物区真光层的甲烷明显异常。由于临近海气界面,真光层过饱和甲烷与大气甲烷排放及全球温室效应密切相关。目前,对真光层海水的过饱和甲烷来源仍没有统一的认识。综合前人研究成果梳理了真光层海水过饱和甲烷的来源,归纳了真光层海水过饱和甲烷现象形成的影响因素,进一步探讨了原位微生物可能参与的甲烷代谢机制。真光层过饱和甲烷可能来源于沉积物、临近河流或原位微生物,且受区域、季节、营养盐等多种因素的影响。由于受氧气影响,真光层海水甲烷产生的代谢机制有其特殊性,目前推测微生物可能依旧利用常规的产甲烷途径,它们存在于海水微厌氧环境中,或自身形成抵抗氧气影响的能力;此外,微生物也可能选择对氧不敏感的新的产甲烷途径。因此,针对天然气水合物区真光层甲烷过饱和现象,开展甲烷的来源和代谢机制的研究,以期为天然气水合物试采与开发的环境评价提供理论支撑,并为探究海水甲烷对大气及全球气候的影响提供理论依据。     

基于地貌特征的青藏高原边缘泥石流沟分类

青藏高原地形急变带受构造运动、极端降水等因素的影响,呈现泥石流高发、群发的特点。对泥石流沟地貌特征的科学分类有利于探索泥石流发生机制、确定防治对策,对山区防灾减灾和生态修复具有重要意义。本文以青藏高原边缘7个泥石流高发流域为研究对象,开展地貌测量和统计分析。通过非度量多维尺度分析,将泥石流沟分为3种类型：I型是基岩下切区暴雨型泥石流;II型是基岩下切区冰川融水型泥石流;III型是沉积盆地下切区暴雨型泥石流。通过Kruskal-Wallis检验进一步分析3类泥石流沟地貌差异性,从地质、地貌与气候等方面探讨了3类泥石流沟的松散物来源与水沙输移特性。在气候变暖的影响下,II型泥石流的活跃性将增大;随着极端降雨频率的增加,I型和III型泥石流活跃性也将增加。     

Impact of environmental variables on spatial and seasonal internal phosphorus loading in a mesoeutrophic lake

Strzeszynskie Lake was formerly a slightly eutrophic (meso-eutrophic) water body. The aim of the current research was to define variables on both spatial and seasonal internal phosphorus loading from bottom sediments at five stations located in zones varying in depth, oxygenation, macrophyte presence, and uses of the neighboring catchment area. Ex situ experiments done with the use of intact bottom sediment cores have shown that the highest phosphorus release occurred in the deepest part of the lake and reached 3.6?mg?P/m²d under anoxic conditions during summer thermal stratification. In turn, the internal loading from littoral sediments, which were well aerated all year round, was clearly lower. Furthermore, phosphorus accumulation in the bottom sediment was observed to reach a maximum of 1.45?mg?P/m² d in autumn. A comparison of the internal loading intensity in lake zones with different land uses of the neighboring catchment area has shown slightly higher values at stations adjacent to the forest catchment area than those used for recreation. Changes in the land use of the catchment area of Strzeszynskie Lake, especially the increase in impermeable surfaces, have led to an increased inflow of external loads after heavy rains, resulting in deterioration in water quality and a delayed increase in internal loading.     

中国南海天然气水合物第二次试采主要进展

泥质粉砂型天然气水合物被认为是储量最大开采难度亦最大的水合物储层,2017年南海天然气水合物试采,初步验证了此类水合物储层具备可开采性。在总结前次试采认识的基础上,对试采矿体进行优选、精细评价、数值与试验模拟和陆地试验,中国地质调查局于2019年10月—2020年4月在南海水深1225 m神狐海域进行了第二次天然气水合物试采。本次试采攻克了钻井井口稳定性、水平井定向钻进、储层增产改造与防砂、精准降压等一系列深水浅软地层水平井技术难题,实现连续产气30 d,总产气量86.14×104m3,日均产气2.87×104m3,是首次试采日产气量的5.57倍,大大提高了日产气量和产气总量。试采监测结果表明,整个试采过程海底、海水及大气甲烷含量无异常。本次成功试采进一步表明,泥质粉砂储层天然气水合物具备可安全高效开采的可行性。     

Artificial Intelligence Identification of Multiple Microfossils from the Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation in Southern Shaanxi,China

The Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation in southern Shaanxi, China is a critical window for the understanding of the Cambrian explosion, because of abundant and various exceptionally preserved metazoans and embryo fossils yielded. The efficiency of traditional sample manually selecting with microscopes is quite low and hinder the discoveries of new species, thus recognition and classification of microfossils by artificial intelligence (AI) is substantially in the request. In this paper, we develop a procedure for fossil area segmentation in common multi-typed mixed photos by improved watershed algorithm. And for better fossil recognition, previous histogram of oriented grandient (HOG) algorithm is replaced by scale invariant feature transform (SIFT), which is feasible for the segmented images and increase the accuracy significantly. Thus, the scope of application of AI fossil recognition can be extended form single fossil image to multi-typed mixed images and the reliability is also secured, as the result of our test presents a high (at least 84%) accuracy of fossil recognition.     

利用CAP方法和瑞利面波振幅谱联合反演宁强5.3级地震震源深度

2018年9月12日19时6分,陕西省汉中市宁强县发生5.3级地震,不同机构给出的震源深度结果相差较大。为进一步确定宁强5.3级地震的震源深度,基于区域速度模型,首先利用CAP方法反演得到该地震的震源机制解,然后采用瑞利面波振幅谱和CAP深度误差函数联合反演,进一步测定了此次地震的矩心深度。结果显示:CAP方法得到的陕西宁强5.3级地震矩心深度约为12km,瑞利面波振幅谱测定的矩心深度为13km,结合引入的误差函数联合反演,最终确定陕西宁强5.3级地震的矩心深度为13km左右,表明此次地震仍属于发生于上地壳的地震。     

Automatic change detection of buildings in urban environment from very high spatial resolution images using existing geodatabase and prior knowledge

The updating of geodatabases (GDB) in urban environments is a difficult and expensive task. It may be facilitated by an automatic change detection method. Several methods have been developed for medium and low spatial resolution images. This study proposes a new method for change detection of buildings in urban environments from very high spatial resolution images (VHSR) and using existing digital cartographic data. The proposed methodology is composed of several stages. The existing knowledge on the buildings and the other urban objects are first modelled and saved in a knowledge base. Some change detection rules are defined at this stage. Then, the image is segmented. The parameters of segmentation are computed thanks to the integration between the image and the geodatabase. Thereafter, the segmented image is analyzed using the knowledge base to localize the segments where the change of building is likely to occur. The change detection rules are then applied on these segments to identify the segments that represent the changes of buildings. These changes represent the updates of buildings to be added to the geodatabase. The data used in this research concern the city of Sherbrooke (Quebec, Canada) and the city of Rabat (Morocco). For Sherbrooke, we used an Ikonos image acquired in October 2006 and a GDB at the scale of 1:20,000. For Rabat, a QuickBird image acquired in August 2006 has been used with a GDB at the scale of 1:10,000. The rate of good detection is 90%. The proposed method presents some limitations on the detection of the exact contours of the buildings. It could be improved by including a shape post-analysis of detected buildings. The proposed method could be integrated into a cartographic update process or as a method for the quality assessment of a geodatabase. It could be also be used to identify illegal building work or to monitor urban growth.     

广西现代测绘基准管理与综合服务平台构建与实现

针对广西测绘基准管理运维和服务分散、机械和线下管理业务的不足,基于互联网、卫星导航定位和地理信息等技术构建广西现代测绘基准管理与综合服务平台,对广西现代测绘基准进行统筹监管、智能化运维管理和差分服务(C/S)与线上一体化服务(B/S).通过对卫星导航定位基准站并网管理,提升政务服务和安全监管的能力;利用视频监控、电子运维和委托保管制度实现运维的智能化;利用全线上申请、全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)自动化解算和多级多星定位服务,提升用户申请和使用服务的便捷性和高效性,平台的建设明显提高了服务的质量和运维的水平.     

渭河流域水土流失治理效率的时空格局演化与影响因素

运用Bootstrap-DEA模型计算2000~2015年渭河流域陕西段39个县区水土流失治理效率;结合探索性空间分析方法（ESDA）和地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析各县水土流失治理效率的时空演化特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明：① 2000~2015年,研究区水土流失治理效率从0.263增至0.336,整体治理效率仍处较低水平;前期生态治理效率的增加缘于纯技术效率的提高,后期规模效率对治理效率的增加起到了主导作用。② 县域的治理效率在空间上呈现集聚状态;热点分析结果进一步显示,2005年治理效率表现出2个热点集聚区,即以宝鸡市千阳县为热点区、乾县和武功县为核心辐射至永寿县和礼泉县的热点集聚区,冷点区域则以临潼为中心,辐射到西安市辖区、高陵、富平和三原县;2010~2015年治理效率的热点区域与冷点区域较2005年有所收缩且保持相对稳定。③ 渭河流域水土流失治理效率的时空变化是降水、坡度、灌草面积覆盖度、人口经济和农业生产共同作用的结果,且各影响因素在不同时期对各县的治理效率的贡献呈动态变化,这意味着政策制定者需要从全局角度权衡不同因素的影响效果。     

WOA18模型在远海地形测量中的运用研究

随着我国远海地形测量的日益频繁,进一步提高测量的效率和精度成为研究的热点。利用WOA18数据,对远海地形测量所涉及海域温盐等海洋要素时空分布规律展开预先分析,由此得到该海域声速垂直和水平分布规律,再利用层内常梯度的声线跟踪方法,对相关海域声速剖面获取频次和线性变化开始深度展开定量研究。结果表明,WOA18数据不但能较好优化远海多波束地形测量声速剖面,还能对声速剖面获取的频次和线性变化开始深度做出较好预测,研究结果对提高远海地形测量的精度和效率具有较高价值。