Coupling of solid deformation and pore pressure for undrained deformation—a discrete element method approach

This paper presents a numerical scheme for fluid‐particle coupling that uses the discrete element method by taking into consideration solid deformation and pore pressure generation. A new water particle element is introduced to calculate pore water pressure due to porosity changes. The water particle element has the same size and shape as the solid element and experiences the same amount of deformation. On the basis of the effective stress principle at the element contact, the total force is equal to the sum of the force transmitted through the solid element contact and the water particle force due to pore water pressure. Analytical solutions of traditional soil mechanics problems, such as isotropic compression and consolidated triaxial undrained test, are used to quantitatively validate the proposed model. The numerical results show good agreement between the model and the analytical solutions. The model therefore provides an effective method to calculate pore pressure in a porous medium in discrete modeling.     

A Temperature-Dependent Growth Equation for Larval Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

Ocean Science Journal - Chub mackerel are commercially one of the most important species in the western North Pacific. Variations in water temperature and growth during the early life stages are...     

Estimation of global lightning activity and observations of atmospheric electric field

Variations in the global atmospheric electric circuit are investigated using a wide range of globally spaced instruments observing VLF (∼10 kHz) waves, ELF (∼300 Hz) waves, Schumann resonances (4–60 Hz), and the atmospheric fair weather electric field. For the ELF/VLF observations, propagation effects are accounted for in a novel approach using established monthly averages of lightning location provided by the Lightning Image Sensor (LIS) and applying known frequency specific attenuation parameters for daytime/nighttime ELF/VLF propagation. Schumann resonances are analyzed using decomposition into propagating and standing waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. Derived lightning activity is compared to existing global lightning detection networks and fair weather field observations. The results suggest that characteristics of lightning discharges vary by region and may have diverse effects upon the ionospheric potential.     

中国城市链接国内国际双循环的职能分异：基于中资企业海内外扩展的视角

重要中资企业的海内外拓展布局,促进了生产要素的循环流动,也赋予了作为空间载体的城市参与链接国内国际循环的双重角色和职能分工。在“加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进”的新发展格局背景下,认清城市参与双循环的职能分异,对于科学评估城市融入双循环的能级水平具有重要意义。研究从福布斯全球企业2000强和《财富》世界500强中资企业的全球组织网络出发,利用链锁模型映射了企业视角下中国城市的国内国际联系网络,解析了城市参与链接国内国际循环和担任中介节点的职能分异,并分高级生产性服务业、一般服务业、制造业和采矿建筑等四种行业解析了职能分异的行业异质性。研究发现,中国城市链接国内国际循环的职能分异受行政等级和经济发展水平的影响显著,具有明显的层级性。其中,国家级产业中心城市,具有明显的对外服务职能;区域级中心城市,则具有更强的对内服务职能。不同类别行业塑造的网络格局和城市职能分工具有明显差异。     

基于GHSOM网络的南海风场时空变化特征分析

基于1979—2018年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)近海面10 m风场资料,采用增长型分层自组织映射(GHSOM)神经网络方法,对南海海表面风场(SSW)的季节变化和年际异常变化进行了分析,结果表明：(1)GHSOM网络训练原始风场数据第一层结果揭示了4个特征模态,高度概括了南海近海面风场的季节变化特征;第二层结果提取了风场的月变化特征。(2)GHSOM网络训练异常风场数据第一层结果揭示了4类异常风场特征模态：反气旋式异常、气旋式异常、西南风异常和东北风异常模态。其中反气旋式异常和气旋式异常模态呈现出不对称现象,即反气旋式异常风场的振幅大于气旋式异常风场;且这两个模态与ENSO事件密切相关,它们的时间序列与Niño 3.4指数序列存在显著的延迟相关。同时,东北风异常风场模态的发生频率大于西南风异常模态。向下扩展的第二层结果揭露了异常风场模态更多的细节特征。     

上游水库群运行对长江口淡水资源的影响及未来趋势分析

上海市饮用水主要来自长江口的3大水源地——陈行水库、青草沙水库和东风西沙水库,盐水入侵是长江口淡水资源利用的重要威胁。随着以三峡工程为代表的长江上游水库群的建成和运行,入海流量发生变化。在分析及预测长江入海流量的基础上,通过长江口实测盐度数据及数学模型,以淡水资源面积占比、水源地取水口平均盐度为指标,对长江口盐水入侵受上游水库群运行的影响开展研究,并对未来变化趋势进行分析。研究结果表明：三峡蓄水后入海流量小于15 000 m³/s的频率明显减少,而小于10 000 m³/s的极低流量几乎不再发生。未来10 a枯季入海流量较现在大体仍为增加趋势,尤其是12月平均流量增量可达2 400 m³/s。三峡工程的运行并未使得长江口盐度时空分布特征发生根本性变化,但盐度场会有一定改变。在三峡水库蓄水的影响下,除11月外其他枯季月份南支、南港、北港淡水资源面积均有增大,南支1、2月增量超过南支面积的40%,南北港则在3月增量最为明显;在11月水源地取水口盐度约有0.05‰的升高,其他月份均为下降,1月变化最为明显,3大水源地取水口盐度下降0.4‰~0.5‰。在未来10 a中,12月盐水入侵与现状相比将会有进一步减弱,水源地取水口盐度进一步下降0.2‰左右。研究可为未来长江口水源地运行提供参考和依据。     

关于天球参考报

章动序列计算和地球定向参数测定需要一个中间的天球参考极作参照，1984年，采用IAU1980章动理论，选取天球历书极作为参考极，利用改善岁差章动模型和由天文测地新技术确定地球定向参数实现的天球历书极，其精度可达0．1mas，随着理论和观测精度的提高，在微角秒量级下，章动和极移模型中周日和半周日成分分应被考虑，地球定向参数的高频成分已被测定，因此天球历书极的原先定义不再适用，需要更改，叙述了不同天球参考极的概念，天球历书极的定义，评述了天球历书极目前实现及其缺陷，介绍了新的天球参考极－天球中间极的定义及其实现。     

一种高光谱图像的半监督分类方法

基于密度的抽样和动态时间扭曲距离,提出了一种半监督高光谱模糊聚类方法。该方法首先应用基于密度的方法对样本进行抽样,然后采用动态时间扭曲距离计算样本之间的相似度,最后利用半监督模糊C均值算法进行聚类。为了验证所提出方法的有效性,在广泛使用的Indian Pines数据集和PaviaU数据集上进行试验。结果表明,本文提出的方法能够取得理想的分类结果。     

Water lily (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nymphaea</Emphasis> sp.): an alternative organic amendment for treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by chemical–biological stabilization

The chemical–biological stabilization technology has been employed in several successful studies using sugarcane cachasse as the organic amendment. However, in some petroleum-producing areas, there are no sugar mills nearby (which is the source of this material), and the cost of transport to the contaminated site is prohibitive. Therefore, water lily, which is considered a weedy plant in many tropical and subtropical areas, was evaluated as an alternative. In 3-month experiment, water lily was compared (with and without addition of molasses) with cachasse for the treatment of clayey sediment contaminated with > 6% extra-heavy crude oil. All treatments resulted in a reduction in the hydrocarbon concentration of 15–23%, without significant differences (P > 0.05). During this process, the pH was reduced to the 7–7.5 range and water repellency (molarity ethanol drop) to 3.5–3.6 M. Also, field capacity increased to 36.3–38.5% humidity, establishing adequate conditions for the development of vegetation at this site. Likewise, toxicity was reduced to practically null (Vibrio fischeri bioassay), and hydrocarbons in leachates were reduced to 3.4–4.3 mg/l, conditions adequate for the protection of groundwater and human health in rural areas. This study confirms that water lily is an adequate substitute for the application of this treatment method for hydrocarbon-contaminated sites that are far from sugar production areas.     

Topographic and geologic controls on landslides induced by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake and its aftershocks: an example from the Trishuli Valley,central Nepal

The devastating Gorkha earthquake (M _w 7.8) on April 25, 2015 and its aftershocks triggered numerous landslides across the Lesser and Higher Himalayas of central Nepal. This study aims to characterize these landslides, based on the local topography and geology, and to develop data for landslide hazard zoning. This study focused on a mountainous catchment of the Trishuli River, where a digital elevation model was used to examine hilllslope and river profiles, aerial photos were used to identify 155 coherent landslides, and satellite images were used to map 912 earthquake-induced landslides. The topography of this area is mainly characterized by incised V-shaped inner gorges and steep (> 35°) SW-facing scarp slopes. Although most of the coherent landslides were not reactivated by the earthquakes, the Gogane landslide was affected by the earthquake and partly failed. A majority of the earthquake-induced landslides (91%) were new landslides, while the others were enlarged old landslides. The earthquake-induced landslides occurred mainly on the steep slopes of V-shaped inner gorges and scarp slopes, in gneiss and quartzite strata of the Lesser Himalayas, and they were primarily associated with fractured rock masses. This analysis provides a framework for zoning areas vulnerable to earthquake-induced landslides.