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51.
In a state of equilibrium, the constraint of a balanced heat budget for the ocean strongly influences the depth of the tropical thermocline because that depth controls the rate at which the ocean absorbs heat from the atmosphere. Thus, an increase in the oceanic heat loss in high latitudes results in a shoaling of the equatorial thermocline so that the heat gain also increases. How does the ocean adjust to such a new equilibrium state after an abrupt change in the heat flux in high latitudes? The adjustment of the wind-driven circulation of the upper ocean is shown to involve two timescales. The first is the familiar adiabatic wave-adjustment time associated with the horizontal redistribution of warm water above the thermocline in shallow water models. (This is essentially the time it takes Rossby and Kelvin waves to propagate from the disturbed extra-equatorial region to the equator.) The second adjustment-time is associated with the diabatic processes that come into play once the waves from higher latitudes modify the thermal structure in low latitudes and hence the flux of heat into the ocean; it is the timescale on which the ocean recovers a balanced heat budget. The identification of this timescale is the main result of this paper.Through a series of simulations of an idealized ocean basin, we identify the diabatic timescale and argue that it is determined by the strength of the upwelling and the intensity of the air–sea heatfluxes. By simulating the formation of a thermocline from isothermal conditions, we are able to relate this timescale to other relevant timescales such as that associated with diffusive processes and the adiabatic timescale invoked by Gu and Philander [Gu, D., Philander, S.G.H., 1997. Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extra-topics. Science 275, 805–807]. 相似文献
52.
Inclined K–Ar illite age spectra in brittle fault gouges: effects of fault reactivation and wall‐rock contamination 下载免费PDF全文
K–Ar clay fraction ages of brittle faults often vary with grain size, decreasing in the finer size fractions, producing an inclined age–grain‐size spectrum. K–Ar ages and mineralogical characterization of gouges from two normal faults in the Kongsberg silver mines, southern Norway, suggest that inclined spectra derived from brittle fault rocks reflect the mixing of inherited components with authigenic mineral phases. The ages of the coarsest and finest fractions constrain faulting at c. 260–270 Ma and reactivation around 200–210 Ma, respectively. This study demonstrates how wall‐rock contamination influences the K–Ar age of the coarsest size fractions and that authigenic illite and K‐feldspar can crystallize synkinematically under equivalent conditions and thus yield the same K–Ar ages. 相似文献
53.
Direct 40Ar/39Ar dating of Late Ordovician and Silurian brittle faulting in the southwestern Norwegian Caledonides 下载免费PDF全文
Thomas Scheiber Giulio Viola Camilla Maya Wilkinson Morgan Ganerød Øyvind Skår Deta Gasser 《地学学报》2016,28(5):374-382
Structural data as well as U–Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar biotite and muscovite ages were collected from the Rolvsnes granodiorite in western Norway. The granodiorite intruded at c. 466 Ma, cooled quickly and escaped later viscous deformation. Brittle top‐to‐the‐NNW thrust faults (Set I) and WNW–ESE striking dextral strike‐slip faults (Set II) formed in a NNW–SSE transpressional regime. 40Ar/39Ar dating of synkinematic mica from both sets reveals a c. 450 Ma (Late Ordovician) age of faulting, which constrains early‐Caledonian brittle deformation. Set I and II faults are overprinted by a set of lower‐grade, variably oriented chlorite‐ and epidote‐coated faults (Set III) constraining WNW–ESE shortening. A lamprophyric dyke oriented compatibly with this stress field intruded at c. 435 Ma (Silurian), indicating that Set III formed at the onset of the Scandian Baltica–Laurentia collision. The preservation of Caledonian brittle structures indicates that the Rolvsnes granodiorite occupied a high tectonic level throughout the Caledonian orogeny. 相似文献
54.
F. Bergamaschi G. Cultrera L. Luzi R. M. Azzara G. Ameri P. Augliera P. Bordoni F. Cara R. Cogliano E. D��Alema D. Di Giacomo G. Di Giulio A. Fodarella G. Franceschina F. Galadini M. R. Gallipoli S. Gori P. Harabaglia C. Ladina S. Lovati S. Marzorati M. Massa G. Milana M. Mucciarelli F. Pacor S. Parolai M. Picozzi M. Pilz S. Pucillo R. Puglia G. Riccio M. Sobiesiak 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2011,9(3):697-715
A temporary network of 33 seismic stations was deployed in the area struck by the 6th April 2009, Mw 6.1 (Scognamiglio et?al. in Seism Res Lett 6/81, 2010), L??Aquila earthquake (central Italy), with the aim to investigate the site amplification within the Aterno river Valley. The seismograms of 18 earthquakes recorded by 14 of the 33 stations were used to evaluate the average horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) for each site and the standard horizontal spectral ratio (SSR) between a site and a reference station. The obtained results have been compared to the geological and geophysical information in order to explain the resonance frequencies and the amplification levels with respect to surface geology of the valley. The results indicate that there is no uniform pattern of amplification, because of the complex geologic setting, as the thickness and degree of cementation of the deposits is highly variable. 相似文献
55.
A. Ceriani R. Calabrò A. Di Giulio R. Buonaguro 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(6):1265-1281
To constraint the diagenetic and thermal history in the Mesozoic-Tertiary succession of the Zagros Fold-Belt, a study was
performed on fluid inclusions trapped in intergranular, vug, and fracture-filling cements in Jurassic to Miocene outcrop samples
collected along the Anneh and Fahliyan Valleys of Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Petrographic observations showed at
least two systems of fractures that postdate intergranular cementation. Two different types of oil-filled fluid inclusions
occur in the intergranular cements and in the first fracture network, but they are absent in the second fracture network.
Microthermometry of fluid inclusions was used to determine the temperature and salinity of fluids responsible for mineral
precipitation. Within intergranular cements and calcite fillings the oldest fractures, precipitation occurred from high saline
fluids in a temperature range of 60–120°C, depending on the stratigraphic depth. The strong correlation between fluid inclusions
temperature and stratigraphic depth suggests that the intergranular cementation and the first fracture-filling event occurred
prior to structural deformation. Furthermore, this correlation indicates a relatively constant paleogeothermal gradient at
the time of cement precipitation of about 28°C/Km. On the contrary, fluid inclusions trapped in cements within the second
fracture network lack oil and contain freshwater trapped at low temperatures that do not correlate to the stratigraphic position.
This suggests second fracturing event occurred after oil migration and during or after deformation of the Zagros Fold-Belt,
when the samples were in a near-surface position. 相似文献
56.
The Venetian Basin was affected by flexure related to the Southalpine shortening phase during the Middle Miocene – Early Pliocene. This downbending is quantified here using a two‐dimensional flexural model. A recently improved data set on basin geometry based on the bottom of the Serravallian–Tortonian clastic wedge, on palaeobathymetry and gravity anomalies is used to constrain the components of flexure and to test the importance of the initial bathymetry in evaluating the contribution of surface loads to deflection. A good fit is obtained assuming a northward broken plate configuration of the downbent Adriatic plate with an effective elastic thickness of 20 km. Results highlight that, in the studied region, flexure related to the Eastern Southern Alps is totally due to surface loads (topographic load partly replacing initial bathymetry) and that no hidden loads are required. Furthermore, the palaeobathymetry contributes up to 50% to the total flexure in the studied region. 相似文献
57.
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59.
The deposition of metal-rich black or reddish muds by many thermal springs in the Cordilleras and the Altiplano of Bolivia suggest that these geothermal waters may be related to those that once formed the world-class Bolivian tin, silver and gold mineralisation. The discharge temperatures of these springs are as high as 70 °C. According to δ18O, δD, tritium data and Ar/N2 ratios these waters are predominantly of meteoric origin. Less than 10% of the discharging thermal water represents deep-seated metal-rich thermal brines of at least 530 °C according to carbon exchange between CO2 and CH4. These brines ascend along tectonic faults and mix with low-temperature meteoric water in surface-near aquifers. The meteoric component of the thermal water is recharged in the high Cordilleras with residence times exceeding 50 years. The chemical composition of the thermal water is dominated by the rather inefficient low-temperature leaching of the surface-near aquifer rocks by meteoric water. The small fraction of metal-rich hot deep-seated water is not able to increase the metal content of the water mix to a level sufficient to classify these thermal waters as ore-bearing. Surface-near leaching is supported, e.g., by the B/Li ratios of the spring water of the Western Cordillera and Caleras/Pulacayo in the Eastern Cordillera that correspond very closely to that of the easily leachable glassy inclusions of the outcropping andesitic lavas. The often remarkable metal content of the muds deposited by the springs originate from efficient scavenging of heavy metals by ferric oxyhydroxides. Under the given arid to semi-arid climate the muds are additionally enriched in metals by wind-transported dust. The present study does support a relation of the actual thermal waters with neither the classical subduction-related Upper Tertiary tin, silver and gold mineralisation nor the supposed younger Sb mineralisation of Bolivia. 相似文献
60.
Giulio Baù Claudio Bombardelli Jesús Peláez 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2013,116(1):53-78
A formulation of the perturbed two-body problem that relies on a new set of orbital elements is presented. The proposed method represents a generalization of the special perturbation method published by Peláez et al. (Celest Mech Dyn Astron 97(2):131–150, 2007) for the case of a perturbing force that is partially or totally derivable from a potential. We accomplish this result by employing a generalized Sundman time transformation in the framework of the projective decomposition, which is a known approach for transforming the two-body problem into a set of linear and regular differential equations of motion. Numerical tests, carried out with examples extensively used in the literature, show the remarkable improvement of the performance of the new method for different kinds of perturbations and eccentricities. In particular, one notable result is that the quadratic dependence of the position error on the time-like argument exhibited by Peláez’s method for near-circular motion under the $J_{2}$ perturbation is transformed into linear. Moreover, the method reveals to be competitive with two very popular element methods derived from the Kustaanheimo-Stiefel and Sperling-Burdet regularizations. 相似文献