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101.
Alberto Ceccato Philippe Goncalves Giorgio Pennacchioni 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2020,38(8):881-903
Temperature and fluid content are critical parameters that control rock rheology and strain localization in the continental crust. Here, we determine by thermodynamic modelling the of localized ductile shearing during cooling of three different granitoid plutons: the Rieserferner and the Adamello plutons in the Italian Alps, and the Lake Edison pluton in the Sierra Nevada—USA. Shear zones exploited precursor joints, associated veins and alteration zones. and P−T phase diagram sections were computed with Perple_X in the system MnO−Na2O−CaO −K2O−FeO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2−H2O−Fe2O3. The phase diagram sections show that the nucleation of the brittle precursors (joints, veins) occurred at T» 450°C at fluid-saturated conditions. Localized ductile shearing likely occurred at temperature ranging between 420 and 460°C evolving from initially fluid-saturated to fluid-undersaturated conditions in a closed system. In this temperature range, granitoid rocks are potentially subject to a series of retrograde metamorphic reactions replacing the load-bearing feldspars with weaker phyllosilicates. Metamorphic reactions occurred in spatial association with the precursory structures, leading to localized shearing. Decreasing temperature and fluid-undersaturated conditions likely hampered progressive strain accommodation in shear zones by slowing down metamorphic reactions, thermally activated dislocation creep processes, fluid-mediated deformation mechanisms and weakening mechanisms. Polyphase granitoid ultramylonite and mylonitic quartz veins have been affected differently by the fluid-undersaturated conditions of the system, as consequence of different dominant deformation mechanisms and syn-kinematic paragenesis during localized shearing. Localized ductile shearing in cooling plutons effectively occurs in a limited temperature range (420–460°C) in which the strain accommodation capacity of the shear zone is controlled by the negative feedback between the cooling rate, the kinetics of metamorphic reactions and deformation mechanisms, and the consumption of the limited amount of available fluids. 相似文献
102.
G. Diego Gatta Günther J. Redhammer Alessandro Guastoni Giorgio Guastella Martin Meven Alessandro Pavese 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(5):341-352
The crystal chemistry of a ferroaxinite from Colebrook Hill, Rosebery district, Tasmania, Australia, was investigated by electron microprobe analysis in wavelength-dispersive mode, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES), 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and single-crystal neutron diffraction at 293 K. The chemical formula obtained on the basis of the ICP–AES data is the following: \( ^{X1,X2} {\text{Ca}}_{4.03} \,^{Y} \left( {{\text{Mn}}_{0.42} {\text{Mg}}_{0.23} {\text{Fe}}^{2 + }_{1.39} } \right)_{\varSigma 2.04} \,^{Z1,Z2} \left( {{\text{Fe}}^{3 + }_{0.15} {\text{Al}}_{3.55} {\text{Ti}}_{0.12} } \right)_{\varSigma 3.82} \,^{T1,T2,T3,T4} \left( {{\text{Ti}}_{0.03} {\text{Si}}_{7.97} } \right)_{\varSigma 8} \,^{T5} {\text{B}}_{1.96} {\text{O}}_{30} \left( {\text{OH}} \right)_{2.18} \). The 57Fe Mössbauer spectrum shows unambiguously the occurrence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in octahedral coordination only, with Fe2+/Fe3+ = 9:1. The neutron structure refinement provides a structure model in general agreement with the previous experimental findings: the tetrahedral T1, T2, T3 and T4 sites are fully occupied by Si, whereas the T5 site is fully occupied by B, with no evidence of Si at the T5, or Al or Fe3+ at the T1–T5 sites. The structural and chemical data of this study suggest that the amount of B in ferroaxinite is that expected from the ideal stoichiometry: 2 a.p.f.u. (for 32 O). The atomic distribution among the X1, X2, Y, Z1 and Z2 sites obtained by neutron structure refinement is in good agreement with that based on the ICP–AES data. For the first time, an unambiguous localization of the H site is obtained, which forms a hydroxyl group with the oxygen atom at the O16 site as donor. The H-bonding scheme in axinite structure is now fully described: the O16–H distance (corrected for riding motion effect) is 0.991(1) Å and an asymmetric bifurcated bonding configuration occurs, with O5 and O13 as acceptors [i.e. with O16···O5 = 3.096(1) Å, H···O5 = 2.450(1) Å and O16–H···O5 = 123.9(1)°; O16···O13 = 2.777(1) Å, H···O13 = 1.914(1) Å and O16–H···O13 = 146.9(1)°]. 相似文献
103.
104.
Manuela Rossi Marcella Dell’Aglio Alessandro De Giacomo Rosalba Gaudiuso Giorgio Saverio Senesi Olga De Pascale Francesco Capitelli Fabrizio Nestola Maria Rosaria Ghiara 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(2):127-140
Gem-quality alexandrite, hiddenite and kunzite, elbaite and topaz minerals were characterized through a multi-methodological investigation based on EMPA-WDS, LA-ICP-MS, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). With respect to the others, the latter technique enables a simultaneous multi-elemental composition without any sample preparation and the detection of light elements, such as Li, Be and B. The criteria for the choice of minerals were: (a) the presence of chromophore elements in minor contents and/or as traces; (b) the presence of light lithophile elements (Li, Be and B); (c) different crystal chemistry complexity. The results show that LIBS can be employed in mineralogical studies for the identification and characterization of minerals, and as a fast screening method to determine the chemical composition, including the chromophore and light lithophile elements. 相似文献
105.
The Ross Sea is an important area for the ventilation of the deep layers of the Southern Ocean (e.g. [Jacobs, S.S., Fairbanks, R.G., Horibe, Y., 1985. Origin and evolution of water masses near the Antarctic continental margin: evidence from H218O/H216O ratios in seawater. In: Jacobs, S.S. (Ed.), Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf. Antarctic Research Series, vol. 43. pp. 59–85; Orsi, A.H., Johnson, G.C., Bullister, J.L., 1999. Circulation, mixing, and the production of Antarctic bottom water. Progress in Oceanography 109, 43–55]). These processes are driven by the atmospheric forcing which, at high latitude, plays a key role in the formation and thickness of sea ice. In order to investigate the effect of the atmospheric forcing variability at different time scales, we analysed the surface heat budget over the Ross Sea continental shelf and in Terra Nova Bay (TNB) polynya, using analyses for the period 1990–2006 provided by European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). This study was also performed using thermohaline data collected within the activities of Climatic Long-term Interaction for the mass-balance in Antarctica project of the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research for the summer periods from 1994 until 2001.The annual average of the heat budget over the continental shelf of the Ross Sea estimated in the period 1990–2006 shows an interannual variability ranging between −97 and −123 W m−2. Assuming that the heat loss must be compensated by the sensible heat carried by the Circumpolar Deep Water we estimated its transport (3.1 Sv) and its variability (0.2 Sv). Similarly in the TNB polynya the heat loss reaches its maximum in 2003 (−313 W m−2) and its minimum (−58 W m−2) in 1996. The related production of sea ice and the High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) were also estimated. The HSSW production switched from the lowest values during the first 10 years of the investigated period (1990–2000) to the highest values for the remaining period (2001–2006).The thermohaline characteristics of the water column in TNB show a general decrease in salinity with a superimposed variability. Comparison between the estimated HSSW production and the salinity observed within the TNB water column show similar tendency in the last years after 2002, while during the period 1995–1998 the behaviour is different. Our hypothesis concern a possible role of the CDW inflow in the TNB area and our results could be explained by a different contribution of CDW transport and HSSW production to the salt content within the water column. 相似文献
106.
Jürg Trösch Giorgio Salvadè Kurt Stocker 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1987,49(1):16-28
The northern and the southern basin of Lake Lugano, Switzerland, are separated by an artificial dam. The flow of the water
is not only influenced by the outflow of the northern basin but also by gravitational oscillations (seiches) of both basins.
A longperiodic peak around 100 minutes can be explained by a mathematical model. The interaction of the internal waves is
a coupled oscillation with a period of 74 hours.
相似文献
107.
40Ar/39 Ar stepwise heating on one hydrothermal anhydrite and two partly hydrothermalized feldspars from a borehole in Vulcano volcano show that the initial trapped Ar does not have a constant isotopic composition. The constant 40Ar/36Ar ratio of the anhydrite, 306±3, is not a well-defined endmember for the two feldspars, which record a variety of fluid compositions. As the system is young (<100 ka), radiogenic Ar is much less than excess Ar. 相似文献
108.
Inferences on the rheology of the mantle based on theoretical and experimental rate equations for steady state creep are discussed and compared with results from geophysical models. The radial increase of viscosity by one to three orders of magnitude across the mantle, required by inversion of postglacial rebound and geodynamic data, is confirmed by microphysical models based on the estimation of continuous and discontinuous changes of creep parameters with depth. The upper mantle (viscosity 1020–1021 Pa s) is likely to show non-Newtonian rheology (power-law creep) for average grain sizes larger than 0.1 mm as an order of magnitude. Given the variability of both grain size and stress conditions, local regions of linear rheology can be present. The rheology of transition zone and lower mantle (viscosity 1022–1024 Pa s) cannot be definitely resolved at present. Estimation of creep parameters leads to possible nonlinear or mixed rheology, if grain sizes are not lower than 0.1 mm and flow conditions can be approximated by a constant strain rate of about 10−15 s−1. This conclusion can be modified by different flow conditions (e.g. a decrease in strain rate or constant viscous dissipation). Furthermore, experiments on fine-grained garnetites and perovskite analogues have shown that diffusion creep is predominant at laboratory conditions. However, the pressure dependence of creep in these phases is unknown, and therefore direct extrapolation to lower mantle conditions is necessarily speculative. Lateral variations of viscosity, largest in the upper and lowermost mantle (up to 2–4 orders of magnitude) are predicted by models based on lateral temperature anomalies derived from seismic tomographic models. 相似文献
109.
Giovanni Chiodini Stefano Caliro Giorgio Caramanna Domenico Granieri Carmine Minopoli Roberto Moretti Lavinia Perotta Guido Ventura 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(4):759-780
The marine sector surrounding Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, South Italy) is affected by widespread submarine emissions
of CO2 -rich gases and thermal water discharges which have been known since the Roman Age. On November 3rd, 2002 an anomalous degassing event affected the area, probably in response to a submarine explosion. The concentrations of
minor reactive gases (CO, CH4 and H2) of samples collected in November and December, 2002 show drastic compositional changes when compared to previous samples
collected from the same area in the 1980s. In particular the samples collected after the November 3rd phenomenon display relative increases in H2 and CO and a strong decrease in the CH4 contents, while other gas species show no significant change. The interaction of the original gas with seawater explains
the variable contents of CO2, H2S, N2, Ar and He which characterize the different samples, but cannot explain the large variations of CO, CH4 and H2 which are instead compatible with changes in the redox, temperature and pressure conditions of the system. Two models, both
implying an increasing input of magmatic fluids are compatible with the observed variations of minor reactive species. In
the first one, the input of magmatic fluids drives the hydrothermal system towards atypical (more oxidizing) redox conditions,
slowly pressurizing the system up to a critical state. In the second one, the hydrothermal system is flashed by the rising
high-T volcanic fluid, suddenly released by a magmatic body at depth. The two models have different implications for volcanic
surveillance and risk assessment: In the first case, the November 3rd event may represent both the culmination of a relatively slow process which caused the overpressurization of the hydrothermal
system and the beginning of a new phase of quiescence. The possible evolution of the second model is unforeseeable because
it is mainly related to the thermal, baric and compositional state of the deep magmatic system that is poorly known. 相似文献
110.