Stratigraphic evolution from shoreface to shelf-indenting channel depositional systems during transgression: Insights from the lower Pliocene Súa Member of the basal Upper Onzole Formation,Borbón Basin,northwest Ecuador

Shelf-indenting canyons and their tributary systems are fairly common constituents of Quaternary shelves of active continental margins, but they have been rarely reported from older successions. Recognition of these prominent geomorphologic features in the ancient record has important implications not only for a proper understanding of shoreface-to-shelf depositional systems, but also from a petroleum exploration standpoint as they represent efficient conduits for moving coarse-grained river- and nearshore-borne sediments to the adjacent slope even during periods of relative rise in sea level.Coastal exposures of the lower Pliocene Súa Member in the surroundings of Súa (northwest Ecuador), preserve the unusual juxtaposition of incising submarine channels onto nearshore deposits. This succession accumulated along a narrow, active continental margin during tectonically induced transgression and affords a rare opportunity to evaluate the stratigraphic evolution of such systems from an outcrop perspective. A comprehensive facies characterization combined with application of sequence stratigraphic concepts has led to definition of the following physical surfaces and stratal units in ascending order. (i) A polygenetic, regionally extensive erosional surface resulting from the superposition of the wave ravinement surface onto the previous subaerial sequence boundary (SB/wRS). (ii) A nearshore, sand-prone lithofacies succession comprising a condensed basal shellbed deepening upwards through lower-shoreface bioturbated silty sandstones, into inner shelf sandy mudstones. (iii) Two steep, U-shaped erosional features (turbidite shelf-entrenchment surfaces), interpreted as shelf channels, deeply incised into the subjacent nearshore sediments and marking an abrupt deepening of facies. (iv) A thick, fining-upward sedimentary succession laid down within the confines of the channels by high- and low-density turbidity currents and including both bed-load (traction) and suspended-load deposits; the overall fining- and thinning-upward character exhibited by the infill of these channels is thought to reflect decreasing flow energies and is consistent with the gradual cut-off of clastic influx to their upper reaches in response to progressive detachment from an adjacent coastal source during relative rise in sea level.Based on detailed analysis of facies and a sequence stratigraphic interpretation of outcrop data, this study contributes to extend the existing sequence stratigraphic schemes, further attesting that shelf-sediment bypass and deep-water sedimentation can take place at sea levels other than lowstand.     

柴达木盆地北缘都兰地区旺尕秀辉长杂岩的锆石LA—ICP—MS U—Pb年龄及地质意义

详细的地球化学研究表明,柴北缘旺尕秀辉长杂岩（包括辉长岩、辉绿岩和斜长岩）具有岛弧火山岩的特征,形成于岛弧环境。对辉长岩中锆石的阴极发光图像和微量元素的研究显示,所有的锆石均具有相对宽缓的振荡环带结构和轻稀土元素亏损、重稀土元素明显富集的典型基性岩浆锆石的特征。通过锆石LA—ICP—MSU-Th-Pb同位素分析,得到^206Pb／^238U加权平均年龄468Ma＋2Ma,同时得到一个最大的谐和年龄522Ma＋9Ma．表明旺尕秀辉长杂岩的形成时代应介于468-522Ma之间。岛孤型旺尕秀辉长杂岩时代的确定,结合本区已有的研究成果,表明柴北缘确实存在古生代洋盆事件,至少从中奥陶世开始发生板块的俯冲消减作用．从侧面说明柴北缘陆壳深俯冲的时代不应早于460Ma。     

Structural setting of the Southern Apennine fold-and-thrust belt (Italy) at hypocentral depth: The Calore Valley case history

The reconstruction of the main structural features of the Southern Apennines (Italy), in correspondence with the focal volume of some strong earthquakes that have affected this chain, can be attempted by analysing reflection seismic lines and deep well logs in comparison with surface geology.For instance, the Calore Valley and its surroundings have been the object of intense hydrocarbon exploration, and a wealth of subsurface data is available. Moreover, this area was affected by the 1688 Sannio earthquake (macroseismic magnitude 7.1), and a new location has recently been proposed for the related causative fault system. The present work defines the structural setting of the Southern Apennine chain in correspondence with this new location, and compares it with similar cases along the Italian peninsula.The analysis was focussed on the reconstruction of deep tectonic units (formed by the buried Apulia carbonate platform succession), which generally correspond to the hypocentral depths of strong earthquakes along the axis of the Southern Apennines. The results show that the Apulia platform succession is affected by three main thrusts, locally accompanied by backthrusts. The top of this succession is relatively shallow: the maximum depth does not exceed 1.8 s TWT (i.e. about 3500 m b.s.l.), while minimum depths occur in correspondence with the ramp anticlines culminations, at 0.5 s TWT (i.e. at about 500 m b.s.l.). Moreover, data suggest that the underlying Paleozoic basement is possibly involved in thrusting.In a regional perspective, extensional seismogenic structures along the axis of the Southern Apennines seem to share some common characteristics. Indeed, they develop (i) in correspondence with an uplifted Paleozoic basement; (ii) at the rear of a set of thrusts that account for the shallow Apulia units; (iii) at the surface, in proximity to the leading edge of a surficial tectonic unit formed by the Apennine carbonate platform succession. The 1688 seismogenic fault system fits in with these common traits. In the light of this, we finally speculate that these common characteristics in the architecture of the chain could provide a key to the location of the major seismicity along the axis of the Southern Apennines and an interpretative model for the identification of possible areas of seismic gap in this part of the Italian peninsula.     

黄土高原夏季极端降水及其成因分析

利用1961-2016年夏季黄土高原地区64个气象监测站的逐日降水资料及同期NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,分析了近56年黄土高原夏季极端降水的时空变化特征,并对比了极端降水强弱年以及不同年代黄土高原地区夏季大气环流形势的异同.结果表明,黄土高原夏季极端降水占夏季总降水量的54％左右,总体上呈现出东多西少的空间分布特征....     

海底水合物丘与泥火山的演化特征及其对天然气水合物聚集的影响

海底水合物丘与泥火山均属于不同相态流体向上运移排出至地表过程中的产物,与这2种特殊地质体相关的浅表层天然气水合物具有独特的成藏过程和赋存规律,同时,它们也都是富碳流体排放的重要途径.然而,由于对这2种地质体缺少系统的调查,加之对浅表层天然气水合物资源和碳泄漏过程的研究程度不高,当前在海底水合物丘与泥火山特征刻画及准确甄...     

Stratigraphy,age and petrography of the Beni Issef successions (External Rif; Morocco): Insights for the evolution of the Maghrebian Chain

In the Beni Issef Massif, nearly 30 km west of Chefchaouen (Morocco), the thickest post-nappe succession within the Rifian sector of the Maghrebian Chain seals the tectonic contact between the Intrarifian External Tanger and Loukkos Units, related to the Rifian External Domain. This succession is very important for the reconstruction of the deformation timing of the Rifian Maghrebids. The age of its base, in fact, is an important constraint for defining an upper boundary to the stacking of both the Intrarifian and Maghrebian Flysch Basin Units, because clasts fed by the Melloussa and Numidian Flysch Nappes are abundant in the conglomerate layers. Field and biostratigraphic analyses pointed out the presence of a Lower Beni Issef Fm, unconformable on the Intrarifian External Tanger and Loukkos Units, and an Upper Beni Issef Fm, unconformable on both the Intrarifian Units and the Lower Beni Issef Fm. The Lower Beni Issef Fm, 150 m thick, consists of lenticular conglomerates with huge blocks in a marly-clayey matrix, followed by marls and minor sandstones. It deposited in a siliciclastic platform, shows a fining upward trend and is affected by metre- to hectometre-sized, locally reversed, folds. Samples collected 45–50 m above the base of the formation resulted not older than Late Tortonian in age, but an older age for the base of the formation cannot be excluded. The Upper Beni Issef Fm, up to 550 m thick, starts with coarse conglomerates followed by medium- to coarse-grained well-bedded sandstones and by grey-blue marls and mudrocks. It indicates deposition in a channelized marine delta, with evolution towards pro-delta pelites, and shows sub-horizontal or gently dipping beds towards the east. Biostratigraphic data indicate a probable Messinian age for this formation. The composition of the arenites of both Lower Beni Issef and Upper Beni Issef Fms is quartzolithic and all samples show a notable content of monocrystalline well-rounded quartz and sedimentary lithic fragments. Detrital modes, all falling in the Quartzose Recycled and Transitional Recycled fields, suggest a provenance from recycling of sedimentary successions, easily recognizable in the Flysch Basin and External Units, mainly the Numidian Nappe sandstones. A Tortonian age of the Lower Beni Issef Fm would agree with the Late Serravallian age of the uppermost beds of the External Tanger Unit and indicate that the most probable age for the stacking of the Intrarifian Units falls in the Late Serravallian-Middle Tortonian time span. The Lower Beni Issef Fm was involved in a compressive tectonic phase testified by north-south striking folds. Later, probably during Messinian, the Upper Beni Issef Fm deposited in a younger intramontane basin, resting on both the Intrarifian Units and the Lower Beni Issef Fm. Successively, the Upper Beni Issef Fm was passively transported piggyback on top of the fold and thrust belt during later tectonic evolution of the Rifian Maghrebids. This tectonic evolution results quite similar to that recognized in the Tellian and Sicilian Maghrebids and also in the southern Apennines.     

强化地质资料编研开发,为实现地质找矿新突破提供信息支撑

地质资料开发利用被国家列为新时期地质工作的六大任务之一,足见其重要性。分析认为,地质资料具有科学性、经济性、社会性、原始记录性、历史再现性等多重属性,是地质资源信息的宝库,包含着巨大的经济社会价值。提出以下4点:①开展综合编研,以集成新的复合型地质资料;②开展有用信息的筛选提取,以放大和增强找矿信息;③开展多元信息叠加研究,以进行成矿预测;④再审视、再利用、回头看,以寻找新矿种、新资源等的地质资料编研开发途径,并列举了一些典型实例。还分析了河南省地质资料工作中存在的突出问题,提出了加强地质资料编研开发的若干措施和建议。     

贵州水城矿区煤层气地质条件与可采潜力分析

水城矿区煤层气资源丰富,在分析矿区煤储层物性和含气性的基础上,估算了煤层气可采性参数,评价了煤层气的可采潜力。结果显示:水城矿区煤层顶、底板以及含煤地层上覆地层均为良好的区域性盖层,煤层气保存条件较好;矿区良好的煤岩、煤质特征和孔隙结构特征为煤层气的大量生成和富集奠定了基础;煤层气理论平均采收率为31.66%,可采资源量为1158×108m3,平均可采资源丰度0.98×108m3/km2,对煤层气开发较为有利;煤层的渗透性较低,可能对煤层气地面排采带来不利影响。建议矿区在煤层气地面开发工作中,注重煤储层渗透性的有效改善,并探讨矿井—地面开发结合的可行性。     

A multidisciplinary approach to reveal the Sicily Climate and Environment over the last 20 000 years

We present a thorough review of the knowledge on the climate and environment in Sicily over the last 20 000 years, taking into account results of several studies carried using terrestrial and marine records. We obtain a coherent framework of the most important changes succeeded in the island, even if some points need further investigation. All the reconstructions of surface temperatures of the seas and the air surrounding Sicily point out severe climatic conditions during the last glacial period. The steppe- and semisteppe-like vegetation pattern testifies, together with additional evidence from geochemical data of lacustrine evidence, markedly arid conditions. Fi-nally, significant episodes of sea level drop connected Sicily to the Italian Peninsula and favoured the dispersion of faunal elements from southern Italy. The transition between the last glacial and the Holocene was not characterized by a gradual warming but was punctuated by two abrupt suborbital climatic fluctuations: Bølling-Allerød (warm) and Younger Dryas (cold), as recognized in the sediments recovered close to the northern and southern coast of Sicily. A denser arboreal cover is possibly indicated by the occurrence of dormouse and Arvicola remains. Finally the sensitivity of Sicily to climate perturbations is demonstrated by the occurrence of repeated subtle climatic anomalies during the Holocene, including the Little Ice Age, also known from historical chronicles. Forests, woods and Mediterranean maquis developed in the early-middle Holocene. Thereafter was a general decline of arboreal vegetation, following a general aridification trend that seems to be a common feature in southern Europe and North Africa. Science Greek colonization (7^th century before Christ), the landscape was intensively modelled for agriculture and breeding, leading to a significant loss of vegetation cover.