Spectrum Characteristics and Transfer Function of the Hydrograph of the Deep Aqueous System

The fluctuation of most of the hydrograph in the deep aqueous system records the fluid pulsation in lithosphere and variation of the earth's crust. Many observations have verified that groundwater is an ideal information carrier of the crust. In this paper, the series of input (precipitation, air pressure, Earth tide etc.) and output (water level, artesian flow) of the deep aqueous system are studied by using the spectrum analysis and system theory. The application concepts of transfer function and the spectral structure of the hydrograph enrich the knowledge of the deep aqueous system. Two typical spectral structures of the hydrograph of the deep aqueous system are obtained by comparing with many water-bearing systems of the Jizhong depression. One is from well Ma-17 and the other is from the well Xinze-5. Finally, the physical models of forming the spectrum of the hydrograph are constructed on the basis of the spectrum research on the deep aqueous system.     

动力降尺度CMIP5的2006—2035新疆夏季降水变化

评估了CMIP5 9个模式对新疆夏季降水的模拟效果,从中选取5个较好的模式结果,利用RegCM4动力降尺度再集合平均。通过对CMIP5 9个模式的评估,发现CanCM4、CMCC-CM、CNRM-CM5、HadCM3、MIROC4h对新疆夏季降水的模拟较好。进一步分析动力降尺度和集合平均结果,发现动力降尺度能更好地描述新疆复杂地形造成的降水,同时发现2006—2035年比1976—2005年新疆夏季的总体降水有所减少,存在明显的减少趋势。在空间分布上主要表现为天山山脉和其南侧降水显著减少,昆仑山山脉北缘降水显著增加,这与2006—2035年新疆东北侧500 hPa出现的位势高度正异常和与之相对应的反气旋式环流异常有关。这一环流异常造成了天山山脉上空水汽的显著辐散和昆仑山山脉北缘上空水汽的显著辐合。     

1961-2014年黄河源区蒸发皿蒸发量变化的多尺度特征及突变分析

基于黄河源区相关气象站1961-2014年蒸发皿蒸发数据,利用线性倾向分析、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法等方法,对黄河源区各分区及整个源区蒸发皿蒸发量变化进行多尺度变化特征及突变分析。结果表明：近50余年来,空间上,黄河源区年平均蒸发量经历了从上游到下游先减小后增加的过程,季节蒸发量变化稍有差异;时间上,黄河源区季节及年平均蒸发量总体呈上升趋势,各分区略有差异,各分区及整个源区蒸发量年代际变化具有较好的一致性。各分区及整个黄河源区年平均及季节平均蒸发量突变点基本一致,均出现在2000年前后,且年与季节平均蒸发量在突变前均值大部分小于突变后的均值。位于源区下游的玛曲-兴海平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较早,且跳跃幅度较小,位于源区中游的达日-玛曲平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较晚,且跳跃幅度较大。对各气象因子的相关分析表明,影响源区年蒸发量变化的主要因子为平均温度。     

3种土壤冻融判别算法在青藏高原的分类精度评价

本文比较了基于AMSR-E被动微波数据的3种土壤冻融判别算法在青藏高原相关地区的分类精度。3种算法分别是：双指标算法、决策树算法、判别函数算法。本文选取了来自青藏高原那曲、玛曲、阿里3个地区土壤温湿度观测网的地表温度数据,并结合AMSR-E被动亮温数据,对上述算法在以上地区的分类精度分别进行了比较评价。结果表明：不论是白天还是夜间,相较于干旱区微波信号来自深层土壤的难以准确探测,在青藏高原半湿润半干旱区算法可取得相对较好的判别准确率;双指标算法相较于其他2种算法,在观测区具有较高的分类精度,且夜间分类精度高于白天;实测数据存在资料代表性不普遍即网格所包含站点信息量不够的问题,这也是后续工作中提高分类精度值得关注的着手点。     

拉萨近45年浅层地温的变化特征

利用1961-2005年拉萨0～40cm各层逐月平均地温,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、信噪比等气候统计方法,研究了近45年拉萨浅层平均地温的变化趋势、气候突变和异常年份等。结果表明:浅层各季节平均地温均呈现为极显著的升高趋势,升温率为0.43～0.60℃/10a,春季最大、夏季最小。各层年平均地温以0.45～0.66℃/10a的升温率显著上升,40cm深度的升温率最大,与同时期平均气温的升温率比较,地温比气温对气候变暖的响应更强。20世纪60年代至90年代浅层年、季平均地温呈明显的逐年代升高趋势,以冬、春季最为明显。60年代到80年代中期为偏冷阶段,80年代后期至90年代地温为偏暖阶段。各浅层平均地温在1986年秋季均发生了突变,冬季突变时间都出现在1984年。年平均地温除在40cm处1999年异常偏高外,其它各层为异常偏低年份,且发生在20世纪60年代。     

Microcystin-induced oxidative stress in Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Oxidative stress induced by microcystins was evaluated in an estuarine worm, Laeonereis acuta (Nereididae). Ten organisms were exposed to lyophilized cells of a toxic Microcystisaeruginosa strain RST9501 ( approximately 2 microg/mL microcystins, MC); 10 were exposed to lyophilized cells of a nontoxic Aphanotece sp. strain RSMan92 and 10 were maintained without cyanobacterial cells. Exposure time was 48 h. The enzymatic antioxidant defenses, as well as the oxidative damage, were analyzed. Toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria lowered catalase activity with no changes in glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase activities. This may have led to toxin intracellular accumulation, which should favor oxidative stress generation, observed by the high lipid peroxide and DNA-protein crosslink levels in the group exposed to MC.     

The 410,000 year terrestrial age of eucrite Río Cuarto 001

Abstract— We have measured a surprisingly long terrestrial age of 410,000 ±_45,00^20,000 yr (410 ±₂₀⁴⁵ka) for basaltic eucrite Río Cuarto 001 using accelerator mass spectrometry of ²⁶Al, ³⁶Cl, and ⁴¹Ca. Though many meteorites are known to have survived for tens or hundreds of ka in Antarctica or hot deserts, the mean annual precipitation of 815 mm in Río Cuarto, Cordoba Province, Argentina, makes the long survival of this meteorite remarkable. We propose two explanations for the exceptional preservation of Río Cuarto 001. First, the meteorite contains only trace amounts of metal, so the weathering and oxidation of metallic Fe, which commonly destroys chondrites, is ineffective in this case. Second, the meteorite was found in a relatively young deflation basin, and may have been exhumed only recently from beneath a protective layer of soil. Insofar as the survival on Earth of Río Cuarto 001 is due to environmental factors, there may be other meteorites with comparably long terrestrial ages still to be discovered in the vicinity.     

Automicrite in a ‘nummulite bank’ from the Monte Saraceno (Southern Italy): evidence for synsedimentary cementation

Following introduction of the term ‘nummulite bank’, there has been debate regarding interpretation of these types of deposits as autochthonous (automicrite) or allochthonous (detrital micrite). These banks are made up of large foraminifera and ill‐defined fine‐grained components. The fine‐grained components consist mainly of micrites. The recognition of automicrite has deep implications for the synsedimentary cementation and stabilization of the bank. In order to distinguish between automicrite and detrital micrite, the nanomorphology, geochemistry and organic matter remains in the microfacies of a nummulite bank in the Middle Eocene of Monte Saraceno (Gargano, Southern Italy) were analysed. Optical and scanning electron microscope investigations showed that the micrites have been recrystallized to aggrading microsparite. Epifluorescence observations on selected micrite/microsparite areas with peloidal texture revealed the presence of organic matter. Scanning electron microscope analyses on epifluorescent micrites showed that the microbial peloids have smaller crystal sizes than those in organic matter‐depleted areas. The geochemical characterization of extracted organic matter, performed through the functional group analyses by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, shows strong prevalence of the aromatic fraction over the aliphatic and carboxylic ones. These characteristics of organic compounds indicate both their thermal maturation and their likely derivation from degradation of bacterial communities. The local presence of peloidal anti‐gravity textures, bright epifluorescence and organic molecules in clotted peloidal areas suggest that the metabolic activity of microbial communities could have induced precipitation of these micrites and, consequently, the syndepositional cementation of the nummulite bank. This type of cementation can rapidly stabilize sediments and promote the depositional bank geometry.     

SHORT COMMUNICATION THE USE OF TOPOLOGICAL MODELS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

In the present paper,the possible analytical applications of two topological models,the DARC modeland the group contribution model,are discussed.Both models are applied to obtain calibration laws,which relate UV and IR characteristics with the chemical structure of ethylene oxide condensates.The group contribution model is also applied to determine the contribution of each part of thedifferent compounds involved in a chemical interaction process,having established the sensitizationparameters of benzodiazepines and anionic surfactants from the micellar enhancement fluorescence.