美国公众对全球变暖的认知和对气候政策的支持

利用民意调查数据,以相关研究作为补充,分析美国公众对全球变暖的认知、减缓行为和气候政策的支持等。分析表明,大部分美国民众认为全球在变暖,但很多人不了解全球变暖与温室气体的关系,把全球变暖混为大气污染和臭氧层耗竭等;不到一半的公众认为全球变暖对个人和美国是现实威胁,更多的公众认为全球变暖对后代和发展中国家是严重威胁;大部分公众认为减缓全球变暖需要改变现有的生活方式和行为,他们愿意选择较容易从事和成本低的行为减少碳排放,但不愿意从根本上改变生活方式,改变自驾车、乘飞机长途旅游这些碳排放量更大的行为;公众普遍支持政府采取措施限制温室气体排放,但不希望所采取的措施对就业和经济带来不利影响;支持通过技术进步和减免税收等措施提高能效,减少碳排放,但大部分反对为节能而提高能源税收。     

Evaluation of the carbon isotopic effects of NDIR and CRDS analyzers on atmospheric CO2 measurements

Non-dispersive infrared(NDIR) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CRDS) CO_2 analyzers use 12CO_2 isotopologue absorption lines and are insensitive to all or part of other CO_2-related isotopologues. This may produce biases in CO_2 mole fraction measurements of a sample if its carbon isotopic composition deviates from that of the standard gases being used. To evaluate and compare the effects of carbon isotopic composition on NDIR and CRDS CO_2 analyzers, we prepared three test sample air cylinders with varying carbon isotopic abundances and calibrated them against five standard cylinders with ambient carbon isotopic composition using CRDS and NDIR systems. We found that the CO_2 mole fractions of the sample cylinders measured by G1301(CRDS) were in good agreement with those measured by Lo Flo(NDIR). The CO_2 values measured by both instruments were higher than that of a CO_2 isotope measured by G2201i(CRDS) analyzer for a test cylinder with depleted carbon isotopic composition δ~(13)C =-36.828‰, whereas no obvious difference was found for other two test cylinders with δ~(13)C=-8.630‰ and δ~(13)C=-15.380‰, respectively. According to the theoretical and experimental results, we concluded that the total CO_2 mole fractions of samples with depleted isotopic compositions can be corrected on the basis of their 12CO_2 values calibrated by standard gases using Lo Flo and G1301 if the δ~(13)C and δ18O values are known.     

江苏省大地构造主要特征及其演化

以板块构造和大陆动力学理论为指导,以大陆及其边缘的形成演化为主线,以岩石建造组合为基本分析对象,以区域重大地质事件为重要线索,结合区域深大断裂和各分区主要构造特征分析,论述了江苏省大地构造基本特征;并结合不同时期地球动力学背景和地质环境演化,进一步阐述了江苏大地构造的演化过程。      

丹江口水库区地震观测30年

介绍了近３０年来丹江口水库区地震观测台网完整记录到的蓄水过程的水库诱发地震序列，回顾了地震观测台网的建设和调整过程，阐明了所取得的观测成果和存在的问题。最后讨论了如何完善地震观测台网等问题。     

Relationship between groundwater flow estimated by soil temperature and slope failures caused by heavy rainfall, Shikoku Island, southwestern Japan

Most of the slope failure disasters in a humid area such as that of Japan are caused by heavy rain. However, even for the case of heavy rainfall that occurs once in every 10 years, total area of slope failures seldom exceeds 10% of a watershed. From this background, we focused on the vein-like groundwater flows that increase pore-water pressure, and clarified the relationship between distributions of slope failures and groundwater veins. In this study, a 1-m-depth ground temperature survey and water-chemistry analyses at springs and boreholes were conducted in Zentoku area of Shikoku Island, southwestern Japan, to grasp the distribution of groundwater veins and their sources. Subsequently, slope-stability was analyzed to investigate the relationship between groundwater veins and slope failures at study sites. These results lead to the following conclusions: The slope failures appear to concentrate around shallow groundwater veins and groundwater veins rising from deep layers. This means that slope failures caused by these groundwater veins in addition to rainfall. Two types of groundwater originate in the deep layers: one has short storage time as indicated by the fact that dissolved substances are low; the other is stored for a lengthy period as noted by a high concentration of dissolved substances. By combining the results of stability analyses and distribution of groundwater veins, it is suggested that prediction of zones with high potential for slope failure can be more accurate.     

A mantle- and a lower crust-derived bimodal suite in the Yusufeli (Artvin) area, NE Turkey: trace element and REE evidence for subduction-related rift origin of Early Jurassic Demirkent intrusive complex

The Yusufeli area, in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, contains a crystalline complex that intruded into the Carboniferous metamorphic basement and is composed of two intrusive bodies: a gabbro-diorite and a tonalite-trondhjemite. The mafic body (45–57 wt% SiO₂) displays a broad lithological spectrum ranging from plagioclase-cumulate to quartz diorite. Primitive varieties of the body have Mg-number, MgO and Cr contents that are close to those expected for partial melts from mantle peridotite. Data are consistent with the magma generation in an underlying mantle wedge that was depleted in Zr, Nb and Ti, and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (K, Rb, Ba, Th). However, high Al₂O₃, CaO and generally low Ni (<65 ppm) contents are not in agreement with the unfractionated mantle-derived primitive magmas and require some Al₂O₃- and CaO-poor mafic phases, in particular, olivine and orthopyroxene. Absence of orthopyroxene in crystallization sequence, uralitization, and a common appearance of clinopyroxene surrounded by hornblende imply an anhydrous phase fractionated from highly hydrous (5–6%) parent. Geochemical modelling suggests derivation by 15–20% melting of a depleted-lherzolitic mantle. The tonalite-trondhjemite body (58–76 wt% SiO₂) ranges in composition from quartz diorite to granodiorite with a low-K calc-alkaline trend. Although LILE- and LREE- enriched characteristics of the primitive samples imply a metasomatic sub-arc mantle for their source region, low MgO, Ni and Cr concentrations rule out direct derivation from the mantle wedge. Also, lack of negative Eu anomalies suggests an unfractionated magma and precludes a differentiation from the diorites of mafic body, which show negative Eu anomalies. Their Na enrichments relative to Ca and K are similar to those of Archean tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites and Cenozoic adakites. However, they exhibit important geochemical differences from them, including low-Al (<15 wt%) contents, unfractionated HREE patterns and evolution towards the higher Y concentrations and lower Sr/Y ratios within the body. All these features are obtained in experimentally produced melts from mafic rocks at low pressures (≤5 kbar) and also widespread in the rocks of arc where old (Upper Cretaceous or older) oceanic crust is being subducted. Major and REE modelling supports formation of the quartz dioritic parent to the felsic intrusive rocks by 70% partial melting of a primitive gabbroic sample (G694). Therefore, once taking into account the extensional conditions prevailing in the Pontian arc crust in Early Jurassic time, former basic products (gabbros) seem to be the most appropriate source for the tonalite-trondhjemite body. Magmatic emplacement of stratigraphically similar lithologies in the Pulur Massif, just southwest of the Yusufeli, was dated to be 184 Ma by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method on amphibole, and is compatible with the initiation of Early Jurassic rifting in the region.     

基于MODIS时序植被指数和线性光谱混合模型的水稻面积提取

水稻是中国的主要粮食作物,及时获取水稻种植面积和空间分布信息对指导水稻生产、调整区域供需平衡等具有重要的意义。以江苏省为例,利用2009—2011年连续三年的MODIS 8 d合成地表反射率数据(MODIS09A1),计算了归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)和陆表水指数(land surface water index,LSWI)。结合水稻在不同生长发育期EVI的时间序列变化特征,确定了水稻面积提取的关键生育期。根据水稻移栽期稻田土壤含水量高的特征,利用NDVI、EVI和LSWI三种指数构建判别条件,确定可能种植水稻的区域。利用线性光谱混合像元分解模型对包含水稻的混合像元进行分解,得到江苏省三年水稻种植空间分布。最后,选取研究区内的水稻典型样区,利用与MODIS同时期的较高分辨率的环境小卫星HJ-1 CCD(30 m)数据提取水稻种植面积和空间分布,以此作为参考数据进行精度验证,同时利用统计部门的江苏省水稻种植面积统计数据对江苏省水稻面积进行验证,两种方法验证后表明误差均在10%以内。研究表明,采用MODIS09A1数据结合线性光谱混合模型可以更高精度地提取大范围的水稻种植面积。     

不同含量水解鱼蛋白添加对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、血浆和肌肉游离氨基酸含量及后肠组织形态的影响

为研究水解鱼蛋白(FPH)对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长的影响,本实验以60%的鱼粉(FM)组为正对照组,以复合植物蛋白源替代40%的FM作为负对照组(含36%的FM),在负对照组的基础上添加3个梯度水平(3%、6%、9%)的FPH作为实验组,分别喂养大菱鲆幼鱼74 d。研究表明,与负对照组相比,添加6%和9%的FPH可显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能,并达到与正对照组相似的效果。添加不同含量的FPH会改善大菱鲆幼鱼的后肠形态,且改善状况随添加量的增加而愈加明显,当FPH添加水平达到9%时,可显著增加大菱鲆幼鱼后肠的肠绒毛直径比、肠上皮细胞高度和微绒毛高度。与负对照组相比,9%FPH组显著提高了血浆和肌肉中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸浓度。此外,饲料中添加6%和9%的FPH显著促进了PepT1的基因表达量。研究结果表明,水解鱼蛋白是一种潜在的替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,可起到改善大菱鲆幼鱼生长指标、提高机体游离氨基酸含量和促进肠道吸收能力的作用。     

青海玉树多彩地玛铅锌矿C-O、S同位素组成及成矿物质来源分析

多彩地玛铅锌矿位于青藏高原东北缘的青海玉树地区,夹持于西金乌兰-金沙江缝合带与班公湖-怒江缝合带之间,属于"三江"北段铜铅锌银多金属成矿带。结合区域地质调查及研究现状,对矿区围岩碳酸盐岩和两期热液方解石脉开展了C-O同位素组成分析,对硫化物矿石矿物和重晶石进行了S同位素组成分析。结果表明:赋矿围岩中方解石的δ~(13)C和δ~(18)O值范围分别为-1.6‰~+3.0‰和+21.2‰~+27.6‰,属于正常海相碳酸盐岩沉积,C和O来自海水;方解石脉体的δ~(13)C和δ~(18)O的值范围分别为-1.5‰~+2.1‰和+15.2‰~+20.3‰,C来自海相碳酸盐岩的溶解作用,~(18)O因热液蚀变碳酸盐岩在水/岩反应中同位素交换作用的影响而明显亏损;硫酸盐重晶石的δ~(34)S值范围为+12.3‰~+15.7‰,硫化物方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿的δ~(34)S值范围为-8.2‰~+5.7‰,峰值为-2.0‰~-3.0‰,反映了总体富轻硫的特征,硫源主要为盆地热卤水萃取地层蒸发岩中硫酸盐,并通过有机质热分解反应还原为低价硫分馏而得到;硫化物较宽的δ~(34)S变化范围反映了成矿物质在盆地内流体活动期间与不同地层单元发生相互作用,盆地内富有机质地层中沉积或生物成因S也有可能为成矿提供了部分硫源。