森林植被变化对洪水的影响分析——以长江上游典型小流域和洪水事件为例

通过长江上游地区典型小流域和重大洪水事件有关森林植被变化与洪水方面资料的分析，揭示小流域森林面积的增加，可减少洪峰流量模数，而在森林－土壤系统被前期降雨充分润湿的情况下，紧接着的暴雨可引起洪峰流量的快速增加；指出开展长江上游地区森林－土壤系统截留蓄水容量本底调查及其分类与分区，对指导当前森林植被恢复重建与保护工作的健康发展及搞好防洪工作有重要的意义。     

横断山林区优势林木生长动态与生态参数估计方法

根据对贡嘎山和岷江上游山区森林样地的调查和解析木分析，作者对横断山亚高山森林区的优势树木的生长速率进行了分类，采用几种不同公式来表达树木胸径的生长动态，分析了不同树种的速生时期和生产率变化水平。还研究了基于不同函数形式下的林窗模型生长参数的解析求解方法，提出了计算森林建群对种的生长参数的新公式。这些结果对于推算林区生物量和木材生产率提供了理论依据，并解决了森林生态系统模拟中关键参数确定的问题。     

渭北高原植被水源涵养功能及价值测评

根据陕西植被图，在MapInfo4.0上建立渭北高原植被类型数据库，从林冠层、枯枝落叶层、土壤层三个层次分析了渭北高原植被水源涵养的物质量，并利用影子工程法、成本估算法等方法对其生态功能进行了货币化评定。结果表明林冠层的截留量为236378.35万t，枯枝落叶层的截卵巢量为9761.00万t，土壤层的截留量为255682.49万t，三个层次总截留量为501821.84万t，水源涵养总价值量为336220.63万元。这对于本地区水资源的合理利用以及生态环境建设着积极的作用。     

Thermohaline staircases in the Warm-Core Ring off Cape Erimo,Hokkaido and their fluxes due to salt finger

Thermohaline staircases off Cape Erimo, Hokkaido are described and their physical properties are compared with those in other seas. The mean fluxes for heat and salt across the interface induced by salt finger were estimated as 105 cal cm^–2d^–1, and 0.03 g cm^–2d^–1, respectively. These values were in the same order as those in Caribbean Sea. The effective eddy diffusivities were also in the same order as the Caribbean ones. This suggests that the double-diffusive convection plays on important role on the water mass conversions occurring in the interfrontal zone between the Oyashio and the Kuroshio Waters.     

钻井废泥浆综合治理技术研究

油田钻井生产每天都要产生大量的废弃泥浆，钻井废泥浆长期累积造成地表植被的严重破坏，污染土壤和水源，危及人类的生存。在对钻井废泥浆的基本物理化学性质进行研究时发现将钻井废泥浆脱水固化处置后，加入粉煤灰等工业垃圾做骨料和添加剂，用于油田井场路建设的方法，可实现钻井废泥浆的“无毒、无害、低成本、可工业化再利用”，是一项工业污染源综合治理，保护环境的先进技术。     

Evaluation of the carbon isotopic effects of NDIR and CRDS analyzers on atmospheric CO2 measurements

Non-dispersive infrared(NDIR) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CRDS) CO_2 analyzers use 12CO_2 isotopologue absorption lines and are insensitive to all or part of other CO_2-related isotopologues. This may produce biases in CO_2 mole fraction measurements of a sample if its carbon isotopic composition deviates from that of the standard gases being used. To evaluate and compare the effects of carbon isotopic composition on NDIR and CRDS CO_2 analyzers, we prepared three test sample air cylinders with varying carbon isotopic abundances and calibrated them against five standard cylinders with ambient carbon isotopic composition using CRDS and NDIR systems. We found that the CO_2 mole fractions of the sample cylinders measured by G1301(CRDS) were in good agreement with those measured by Lo Flo(NDIR). The CO_2 values measured by both instruments were higher than that of a CO_2 isotope measured by G2201i(CRDS) analyzer for a test cylinder with depleted carbon isotopic composition δ~(13)C =-36.828‰, whereas no obvious difference was found for other two test cylinders with δ~(13)C=-8.630‰ and δ~(13)C=-15.380‰, respectively. According to the theoretical and experimental results, we concluded that the total CO_2 mole fractions of samples with depleted isotopic compositions can be corrected on the basis of their 12CO_2 values calibrated by standard gases using Lo Flo and G1301 if the δ~(13)C and δ18O values are known.     

江苏省大地构造主要特征及其演化

以板块构造和大陆动力学理论为指导,以大陆及其边缘的形成演化为主线,以岩石建造组合为基本分析对象,以区域重大地质事件为重要线索,结合区域深大断裂和各分区主要构造特征分析,论述了江苏省大地构造基本特征;并结合不同时期地球动力学背景和地质环境演化,进一步阐述了江苏大地构造的演化过程。      

美国公众对全球变暖的认知和对气候政策的支持

利用民意调查数据,以相关研究作为补充,分析美国公众对全球变暖的认知、减缓行为和气候政策的支持等。分析表明,大部分美国民众认为全球在变暖,但很多人不了解全球变暖与温室气体的关系,把全球变暖混为大气污染和臭氧层耗竭等;不到一半的公众认为全球变暖对个人和美国是现实威胁,更多的公众认为全球变暖对后代和发展中国家是严重威胁;大部分公众认为减缓全球变暖需要改变现有的生活方式和行为,他们愿意选择较容易从事和成本低的行为减少碳排放,但不愿意从根本上改变生活方式,改变自驾车、乘飞机长途旅游这些碳排放量更大的行为;公众普遍支持政府采取措施限制温室气体排放,但不希望所采取的措施对就业和经济带来不利影响;支持通过技术进步和减免税收等措施提高能效,减少碳排放,但大部分反对为节能而提高能源税收。