Isolation of prawn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Exopalaemon carinicauda</Emphasis>) lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein gene and its expression in responding to bacterial and viral infections

The pattern recognition proteins (PRPs) play a major role in immune response of crustacean to resist pathogens. In the present study, as one of PRPs, lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) gene in the ridge tail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda) (EcLGBP) was isolated. The full-length cDNA of EcLGBP was 1338 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 366 amino acid residules. The deduced amino acid sequence of EcLGBP shared high similarities with LGBP and BGBP from other crustaceans. Some conservative domains were predicted in EcLGBP sequence. EcLGBP constitutively expressed in most tissues at different levels, and the highest expression was observed in hepatopancreas. With infection time, the cumulative mortality increased gradually followed by the proliferation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The expression of EcLGBP in response to V. parahaemolyticus infection was up-regulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas, and the up-regulation in hepatopancreas was earlier than that in hemocytes. EcLGBP expression after WSSV infection increased at 3 h, then significantly decreased in both hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The results indicated that EcLGBP was involved in the immune defense against bacterial and viral infections.     

多向观测电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物中常量和微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物样品中Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P、Ba、Be、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、Li、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Ti、V、W、Zn等23个常量和微量元素。各元素选择光谱干扰少、准确度高的多向观测方式(轴向、径向、轴向衰减、径向衰减),结合多元光谱拟合技术校正光谱干扰,改善方法的检出限及精密度。结果表明,方法的回收率为94.0%~103.4%,精密度(RSD,n=10)低于3.0%。方法经国家一级标准物质验证,测定值与标准值基本相符。     

Late Cretaceous Aquatic Angiosperms from Jiayin, Heilongjiang,Northeast China

Three taxa of Late Cretaceous aquatic angiosperms,Queruexia angulata(Lesq.)Krysht., Cobbania corrugata(Lesq.)Stockey et al.and Nelumbites cf.extenuinervis Upchurch et al.from Jiayin of Heilongjiang,NE China,are described in detail.Among them,Cobbania and Nelumbites from the Upper Cretaceous in China are reported for the first time.The aquatic angiosperm assemblage of Queruexia-Cobbania-Nelumbites appears to imply a seasonal,warm and moist environment in the Jiayin area during the Santonian-Campanian time.     

Relationship between oriental migratory locust plague and soil moisture extracted from MODIS data

Locust plagues have been the source of some of the most severe natural disasters in human history. Soil moisture content is among the most important of the numerous factors influencing plague onset and severity. This paper describes a study initiated in three pilot locust plague monitoring regions, i.e., Huangzao, Yangguanzhuang, and Tengnan in Huanghua county, Hebei province, China, to examine the impact of soil moisture status on oriental migratory locust [Locusta migratoria manilensis (L.) Meyen] plague breakout as related to the life cycle, oviposition in autumn, survival in winter, and incubation in summer. Thirty-nine temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) data sets, which represent soil moisture content, were extracted from MODIS remote sensing images for two representative time periods: a severe locust plague breakout year (2001–2002) and a slight plague year (2003–2004). TVDI values demonstrated distinctive soil moisture status differences between the 2 years concerned. Soil moisture conditions in the severe plague year were shown to be lower than those in slight plague year. In all three pilot regions, average TVDI value in the severe plague year was 0.07 higher than that in slight plague year, and monthly TVDI values in locust oviposition period (September and October) and incubation period (March, April and May) were higher than their corresponding monthly figures in slight plague year. No remarkable TVDI differences were found in other months during the locust life cycle between the 2 years. TVDI values for September and October (2001), March, April and May (2002) were 0.11, 0.08, 0.16, 0.11 and 0.16 higher than their corresponding monthly figures in 2003–2004 period, respectively.     

华北克拉通构造活化的动力学机制与模型

在分析现有华北克拉通构造活化动力学机制研究成果和资料的基础上,简要讨论了两类可导致华北克拉通减薄的动力学机制:"热侵蚀"减薄机制和"拆沉"减薄机制。指出了与这两类动力学机制所相应的科学理论,即Rayleigh-Benard非稳定性理论和Rayleigh-Taylor非稳定性理论。考虑到这两类科学理论的局限性,建议采用孔隙波在大陆岩石圈内传质传热模型描述华北克拉通构造活化动力学机制的量变过程(即能量积累过程),同时进一步完善和修正现有的Rayleigh-Benard非稳定性理论和Rayleigh-Taylor非稳定性理论,为实现在空间和时间上定量化重现华北克拉通构造活化动力学过程的数值仿真创造必要的条件。     

高铝粉煤灰烧结反应热力学分析与实验

分别以碳酸钙和碳酸钠为助剂,对高铝粉煤灰在烧结过程中可能发生的化学反应进行研究。基于热力学计算结果,对比了两种工艺的能耗、物耗、温室气体排放量等因素,结合粉煤灰-碳酸钠烧结反应实验,证明以碳酸钠为配料,高铝粉煤灰烧结过程具有一次性资源消耗量少,能耗最低,温室气体CO2排放量最小,且可生产高附加值产品,实现完全清洁生产等优点。因此,选择以碳酸钠为配料分解高铝粉煤灰中的莫来石和铝硅酸盐玻璃相技术路线,具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

沙澧河流域致洪预警系统设计与应用

沙澧河流域致洪预警系统基于中小河流致洪预警气象服务需求,以气象与水文相结合,应用地理信息(GIS)先进技术,利用气象常规数据、地面自动雨量站资料、数值模式、卫星雷达资料及水文雨量、水位数据等资料,运用动力学诊断和统计分析、多元线性回归方法、模式输出法、相似预报等方法,输出暴雨和水位增量预报模型。该系统通过C/C++语言编程,集气象水文信息显示分析、数据库、预报模型和用户界面于一体,建立了涵盖流域暴雨预报、水位增量监测预测、洪涝灾害预警服务等多功能的可视化业务技术平台。在本地基层台站首次将气象和水文两个学科结合,建立降水、水文和洪涝数据库;首次对沙澧河流域进行暴雨形势分型,并建立流域暴雨预报模型;首次建立沙澧河流域五大水库水位增量预报模型。自系统运行以来,成功对沙澧河流域出现的几次致洪暴雨进行了预警,服务效果明显。     

新疆艾比湖湖泊沉积物元素地球化学记录及其生态环境意义

在对新疆艾比湖近代岩芯沉积物元素地球化学特征分析基础上,结合数理统计学方法对元素的来源及其反映的环境演变历史进行了探讨,最后利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对岩芯表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评估。结果表明：艾比湖岩芯沉积物中元素组成基本可以分为3类：第1类元素包括Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Li、Cr、K、Al、Co、P、Ti、Be、Pb、Cu、Ba和Zn,主要来源于流域陆源碎屑物,受流域侵蚀强度等因素影响,其中,Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn等重金属以及营养元素P的富集系数1875-2011年由于受人类活动影响发生了较为明显的变化;结合重金属和营养元素P的富集系数有序聚类分析,以23 cm（1960年）为界可将艾比湖流域环境演变历史分为差异明显的两个阶段：（Ⅰ）1875-1960年,流域社会发展程度较低,人类活动导致的重金属输入少,流域环境主要受区域自然变化的影响;（Ⅱ）1960年至今,随着人口的增加,经济发展工农业活动增强,尤其是农业用水量增加,大多数重金属元素和P相对于前期有较为明显的增加。第2类元素有Mg和Na,主要来源于湖泊水中蒸发盐类结晶;由于绿洲农业的发展和灌溉用水的增加,在气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下,湖泊水位发生了剧烈的波动,造成Mg、Na等元素的波动变化。第3类元素包括Ca和Sr,受流域易溶元素风化淋溶作用控制。艾比湖沉积物中Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn等7种重金属的潜在生态危害程度Ni（4.7） > Pb（4.6） > Cu（4.2） > Co（2.6） > Cr（1.7）=V（1.7） > Zn（1.1）,7种重金属均属于低生态风险。     

Farmland function evolution in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: Processes,patterns and mechanisms

Using counties as the basic analysis unit, this study established an evaluation index system for farmland function (FF) from economic, social, and ecological perspectives. The method combining entropy weighting and multiple correlation coefficient weighting was adopted to determine the weights, and the FF indices were calculated for each county. Subsequently, the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland function evolution (FFE) were analyzed and the coupled relationships between the sub-functions were explored based on a coupling coordination model. At the same time, the dynamic mechanism of FFE was quantitatively analyzed using a spatial econometric regression analysis method. The following major conclusions were drawn: (1) The farmland economic function generally exhibited a declining trend during 1990–2010, and it is essential to point out that it was stronger in underdeveloped and agriculture-dominated counties, while it continuously weakened in developed areas. Farmland social function decreased in 60.29% of the counties, whereas some counties, which were mostly located in north of Zhengzhou and west of Dezhou and Cangzhou, Yantai, and Weihai, clearly increased. A dramatic decline in farmland ecological function occurred around Beijing, Tianjin, and Jinan. Areas located in the northern part of Henan Province and the central part of Shandong Province saw an increase in ecological function. (2) There was a significant spatial difference in the coupling degree and coordination degree of the sub-functions, and the decoupling phenomenon highlighted this. The changes in social function and ecological function lagged behind economic function in developed areas, but these were highly coupled in some underdeveloped areas. (3) FFE in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) is resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions and external driving factors. Furthermore, the transitions of population and industry under urbanization and industrialization played a decisive role in the evolution intensity and direction of farmland sub-systems, including the economy, society, and the ecology. According to the results mentioned above, promoting the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture should be regarded as an important engine driving sustainable development in the HHHP. Taking different regional characteristics of FFE into account, differentiated and diversified farmland use and management plans should be implemented from more developed urban areas to underdeveloped traditional agricultural areas.     

Projected changes in population exposure to extreme heat in China under a RCP8.5 scenario

Overall population exposure is measured by multiplying the annual average number of extremely hot days by the number of people exposed to the resultant heat. Extreme heat is also subdivided into high temperature (HT) and extremely high temperature (EHT) in cases where daily maximum temperature exceeds 35°C and 40°C, respectively. Chinese population exposure to HT and EHT over four periods in the future (i.e., 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2060–2081 and 2081–2100) were projected at the grid cell level in this study using daily maximum temperature based on an ensemble mean of 21 global climate models under the RCP8.5 scenario and with a population projection based on the A2r socio-economic scenario. The relative importance of population and climate as drivers of population exposure was evaluated at different spatial scales including national and meteorological geographical divisions. Results show that, compared with population exposure seen during 1981–2010, the base period, exposure to HT in China is likely to increase by 1.3, 2.0, 3.6, and 5.9 times, respectively, over the four periods, while concomitant exposure to EHT is likely to increase by 2.0, 8.3, 24.2, and 82.7 times, respectively. Data show that population exposure to HT is likely to increase significantly in Jianghuai region, Southwest China and Jianghan region, in particular in North China, Huanghuai region, South China and Jiangnan region. Population exposure to EHT is also likely to increase significantly in Southwest China and Jianghan region, especially in North China, Huanghuai, Jiangnan, and Jianghuai regions. Results reveal that climate is the most important factor driving the level of population exposure in Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan, and Jiangnan regions, as well as in South and Southwest China, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. Data show that the climatic factor is also most significant at the national level, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. The rate of contribution of climate to national-level projected changes in exposure is likely to decrease gradually from ca. 70% to ca. 60%, while the rate of contribution of concurrent changes in both population and climate is likely to increase gradually from ca. 20% to ca. 40% over the four future periods in this analysis.