青藏高原春季土壤湿度与夏季降水的关系

应用SVD方法对1981-2018年青藏高原春季土壤湿度和高原地区夏季降水进行诊断.结果表明:土壤湿度前两个模态累积协方差百分比达到了 61.15％,左右场展开序列的时间相关系数均为0.7 8,反映两场关系的主要特征.土壤湿度场表现出南北相的一致性,而降水场的一致性较差.第一模态说明青藏高原北部春季土壤湿度较大时,对应...     

Impact of coherent eddies on airborne measurements of vertical turbulent fluxes

During the Hydrological-Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)-Sahel, which took place in Niger in the transitional period between the wet and dry seasons, two French aircraft probed the Sahelian boundary layer to measure sensible and latent heat fluxes. The measurements over the Niamey area often revealed organised structures of a few km scale that were associated with both thermals and dry intrusions. We study the impact of these coherent structures using a single day’s aircraft-measured fluxes and a numerical simulation of that day with a mesoscale model. The numerical simulation at high horizontal resolution (250 m) contains structures that evolve from streaks in the early morning to cells by noon. This simulation shows distribution, variance and skewness similar to the observations. In particular, the numerical simulation shows dry intrusions that can penetrate deeply into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and even reach the surface in some cases, which is in accordance with the observed highly negatively skewed water vapour fluctuations. Dry intrusions and thermals organised at a few km scale give skewed flux statistics and can introduce large errors in measured fluxes. We use the numerical simulation to: (i) evaluate the contribution of the organised structures to the total flux, and (ii) estimate the impact of the organised structures on the systematic and random errors resulting from the 1D sampling of the aircraft as opposed to the 2D numerical simulation estimate. We find a significant contribution by the organised structures to the total resolved fluxes. When rolls occur, and for a leg length of about 30 times the ABL depth, the 1D sampled flux is shown to be sometimes 20% lower than the corresponding 2D flux when the 1D sampling direction is the same as the main axis of the rolls, whereas the systematic error is much lower when the direction of the leg is transverse to the rolls. In the case of cells, an underestimate of around 10% can still be observed with the 1D approach independent of direction, due to poor sampling of the energy-containing scales.     

那曲地区气候变化对该区湖泊面积的影响

利用地面4个测站常规气象资料及中巴地球资源卫星、美国陆地卫星资料,分析了那曲中东部地区湖泊流域近45年各气候要素的变化对20世纪80年代以来湖泊面积变化的影响。在此基础上,建立了湖泊面积的拟合方程。结果表明:湖泊流域的降水量、气温以及地面温度近年来呈上升趋势,而蒸发量、日照时数、最大积雪深度、最大冻土深度逐渐下降。这些要素变化与湖泊面积的增加具有显著的线性关系,根据这些气象要素的累积值建立的回归方程能较好地拟合湖泊面积的变化。     

Storm Surges in the Strait of Georgia Simulated with a Regional Model

The Strait of Georgia is a large, semi-enclosed body of water between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia connected to the Pacific Ocean via Juan de Fuca Strait at the south and Johnstone Strait at the north. During the winter months, coastal communities along the Strait of Georgia are at risk of flooding caused by storm surges, a natural hazard that can occur when a strong storm coincides with high tide. This investigation produces storm surge hindcasts using a three-dimensional numerical ocean model for the Strait of Georgia and the surrounding bodies of water (Juan de Fuca Strait, Puget Sound, and Johnstone Strait) collectively known as the Salish Sea. The numerical model employs the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean architecture in a regional configuration. The model is evaluated through comparisons of tidal elevation harmonics and storm surge with observations. Important forcing factors contributing to storm surges are assessed. It is shown that surges entering the domain from the Pacific Ocean make the most significant contribution to surge amplitude within the Strait of Georgia. Comparisons between simulations and high-resolution and low-resolution atmospheric forcing further emphasize that remote forcing is the dominant factor in surge amplitudes in this region. In addition, local wind patterns caused a slight increase in surge amplitude on the mainland side of the Strait of Georgia compared with Vancouver Island coastal areas during a major wind storm on 15 December 2006. Generally, surge amplitudes are found to be greater within the Strait of Georgia than in Juan de Fuca Strait.     

液化地基侧向流动引起的桩基础破坏分析

20世纪60年代以来,流动地基中的桩基础的震害现象和抗震设计受到了工程师和研究者的广泛关注。对侧向流动地基中桩基础的一些典型震害现象和其可能震害原因的归纳和分析,显示目前研究仍不能完全解释侧向流动地基中桩基础的震害现象。选取新泻地震中昭和大桥桩基础破坏案例采用p-y方法进行计算,分析地基侧向流动引起的桩基础破坏的影响因素。计算结果显示,合理地描述液化砂土的p-y曲线模型在侧向流动地基桩基础分析中起到关键作用。对于侧向流动地基中桩基础的震害机制的进一步理解和抗震设计,有赖于更为合理和有效地液化砂土中的p-y模型的发展。     

1960-2004年金沙江径流量特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于金沙江流域内1960-2004年的水文、气象站观测数据,分析了区域内径流量的年际、年代际变化以及气候因素(如降水量、平均气温)对径流变化的影响.结果表明:近40 a来径流量呈现逐渐增加趋势,并且支流雅砻江为金沙江径流量的主要产流区;干流与支流均存在年代间丰枯转移,20世纪60年代、90年代偏丰,70年代偏枯;干流夏...     

水平循环荷载下风电机桩基础离心模型试验研究

在近海风力发电工程中桩基是常用的基础型式,海上风力发电机桩基础一般建立于复杂软土地基、承受着海上风浪、潮流等近似水平向的循环荷载作用,而风力发电机组运行对基础的承载力和变形有严格的要求。因此,研究水平循环荷载下桩土系统变形规律和相互作用机制具有重要的意义。针对典型的近海风机单桩基础,选取典型的饱和砂性土地基,通过离心模型试验的方法研究了水平循环荷载下的风机桩基础的受力变形规律。试验结果表明,水平向循环作用下,桩周围土体中变形主要呈现为挤压或塌陷产生的沉降和水平向变形,变形主要集中在桩周围较小的范围内;变形呈现逐渐累积特性,其大小随着循环次数的增加而增加;桩身弯矩峰值出现在埋深上1/3处,多次循环后的弯矩大小和分布变化不大;桩周围土体中不同位置产生不同的超静孔隙水压力,孔隙水压力发展对土体变形有一定影响     

Determination of Boron Concentration in Geochemical Reference Materials Extracted by Pyrohydrolysis and Measured by ICP‐MS

This article presents new boron concentrations for nine geochemical reference materials (GS‐N, FK‐N, GL‐O, BX‐N, DT‐N, AN‐G, GH, Mica‐Fe, Mica‐Mg). After extraction by a modified pyrohydrolysis technique, boron concentrations were measured by ICP‐MS. The blank levels for the whole procedure were 0.091 ± 0.020 ng ml^?1 or 14 ± 5 ng of boron in total. The method was first validated by measuring nine reference materials with known boron concentrations. The determined boron concentrations are all within the range of recommended or published values, which means that the yields were 100%, and show precisions below 10% for samples containing over 2 μg g^?1 of boron.     

An original method for characterizing internal waves

This study consisted in the characterization of internal waves in the south of the Strait of Messina (Italy). The observational data consisted in thermistor string profiles from the Coastal Ocean Acoustic Changes at High frequencies (COACH06) sea trial.An empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to the data. The first two spatial empirical modes represent over 99% of the variability, and their corresponding time-dependent expansion coefficients take higher absolute values during internal wave events. In order to check how the expansion coefficients vary during an internal wave event, their time derivative, called here changing rates, are computed. It shows that each wave of an internal wave train is characterized by a double oscillation of the changing rates. At the front of the wave, both changing rates increase in absolute value with opposite sign, and then decrease to become null at the maximum amplitude of the wave. At the rear of the wave, the changing rates describe another period, again with opposite sign. This double oscillation can be used as a detector of internal waves, but it can also give information on the width of the wave, by measuring the length of the oscillation, as this information may sometimes be hard to read straight out of the data. When plotting the changing rates one versus another, the resulting scatter diagram puts on a butterfly shape that illustrates well this behaviour.