南极冰层取心钻探酯基钻井液抗低温性能试验

钻井液的选择是顺利进行极地科学钻探工程的关键技术之一。为寻找一种新型安全、环保的耐低温钻井液,笔者深入分析一元脂肪酸酯与二元脂肪酸酯分子结构特点,对三种不同混合酯的耐低温性能进行了试验研究,测试了三种混合酯的黏度与密度随温度的变化。试验发现,当温度下降时,混合酯的黏度都存在一个稠化温度,稠化温度的高低受酯的分子结构、分子量及分子间作用力的影响。混合酯的组成、分子结构及分子间作用力大小不影响密度随温度的变化关系,但对密度的大小与密度增加的速度影响较大。     

可操作的地震预报/预测

与地震预报/预测以及地震危险性评估有关的可操作和决策问题是当今争议非常大的问题,特别是因为对近期大多数破坏性地震的概率性的地震危险性评估的总体表现令人非常不满意。尽管人们已经认识到必须通过严格的检验和验证过程来证实可操作的手段预测大地震与相关的地面震动的能力,但到目前为止只有很少几种方法被证明是有效的。鉴于对可预测性的预测具有内在的不确定性,任何地震预报/预测方法的有效性,只有在考虑到(从加强戒备到撤离的)不同层次的大范围的可能减灾行动后才能够得到判断。本文旨在展开讨论,并对拉奎拉地震(M=6.3,2009年4月6日)后建立的国际地震预报委员会所做报告的总结和建议部分做补充。所讨论的问题涉及地震预报/预测方法论的定义、验证和可能的应用,并着重以意大利现有的可操作实践予以说明。     

Parkes脉冲星数据库使用方法

Parkes脉冲星数据库目前已经收集了从1991年至今由Parkes望远镜观测的165755个数据文件。数据文件及其存取方法遵循虚拟天文台协议。介绍了脉冲星数据库的使用方法,以及使用在线界面进行数据获取的例子。     

脉冲星测时软件TEMPO2的使用方法

详细介绍了脉冲星测时软件TEMPO2的应用算法和软件的使用方法。内容包括软件的下载、安装、各种程序接口的使用、数据模拟、软件的开发以及该软件预测模式的使用。     

冲绳海槽海底冷泉-热液系统相互作用

热液和冷泉活动是现代深海环境中两个重要的极端系统,它们均是岩石圈与外部圈层之间进行物质、能量转移和交换的重要途径,它们之间既有显著差异,但也存在很多相似点。一系列调查研究表明,在某些特殊构造单元,热液和冷泉活动可能并不是彼此孤立的,而是在构造地质、生物生态和元素循环上存在某种相互作用或耦合关系。冲绳海槽作为西太平洋一个典型的弧后盆地,发育了繁盛的热液和冷泉活动,是研究这两个海底极端系统相互影响机制的天然实验室。在大量文献调研和野外精细探测结果的基础上,分析了冲绳海槽内相互毗邻的冷泉和热液之间的物质扩散过程及生物地球化学作用,初步建立了两个极端系统内两种不同流体相互作用的概念模型,认识到未来如对两个深海极端环境共生区构造发育特征、地层流体演化、生物群落以及矿物元素组成进行系统分析,将有助于建立更加完善的冷泉-热液两个系统在物质和能量上的耦合关系模型,同时也有助于揭示它们在生物生态之间的沟通融合规律,最终可建立盆地尺度上热液-冷泉区相互作用模式,从而加深对西太平洋甚至全球范围内冷泉-热液两个极端环境系统甚至"流体-固体"耦合的规律性认识。     

Deep-seated structure and gold content of Russia and China contiguous territories

On the contiguous territories of southeastern Russia and northeastern China,many gold-bearing areas are conjugate in space with the gradient zones of the gravity field.Large gold-ore districts,defining in many respects the metallogenic signature of the region,are located on the joints of differently oriented gradient zones.In the best-studied districts,the Precambrian protrusions,staged distribution of magmatic chambers (by vertical) above the Mohorovicic discontinuity and restriction to the peripheral parts of intrusive massifs have been recognized.Different-type gold deposits in the studied ore-placer districts and nodes are often located on the areas of joint of the granitoid massifs and subvolcanic bodies with depressions.Availability of areals of metasomatic alterations of rocks,placers,and ore occurrences of precious metals on such but poorly studied areas can serve as the basis for the revision and detailed forecasting-prospecting works to develop the mineral-raw material base of the region for precious metals.     

An inventory of trees in Dublin city centre

While urban areas are often considered to be comprised chiefly of artificial surfaces, they can contain a substantial portion of green space and a great diversity of natural habitats. These spaces include public parks, private gardens and street trees, all of which can provide valuable environmental services, such as improved air quality. Trees play a particular role in cities as they are often placed along roadsides and in the median strip of busy streets. As such they regulate access to sunshine, restrict airflow, provide shelter, scavenge air pollutants and manage noise at the street level. A tree planting policy can be an important part of a broader environmental strategy aimed at improving the quality of life in urban areas but this requires up-to-date knowledge of the current tree stock, which does not exist for Dublin. This article presents an inventory of trees in Dublin's city centre, defined as the area between the Grand and Royal canals. The results show that there are over 10,000 trees in the study area representing a density of 684 trees km-2 or one tree to approximately every 50 residents of the city centre. The tree canopy extent when in full foliage was nearly 1 km2 in extent or 6% of the study area. A more detailed analysis of those trees planted along streets shows little species variation but clear distinction in the sizes of trees, which is indicative of the age of planting. These data are used to estimate the carbon stored in Dublin's trees.     

Managing nitrogen inputs into seagrass meadows near a coastal city: flow-on from research to environmental improvement plans

Increased human habitation has led to a 30 to 50-fold increase in nutrient loads to the coastal waters of Adelaide, resulting in the loss of over 5000 ha of seagrass meadows. The rate of loss since the 1940s has been irregular, averaging 85 ha yr(-1), marked by a substantial peak between 1971 and 1977. A modelling approach allowed comparison of the annual input with the annual uptake rates for the different biotic components in the seagrass bed. In 2005, the estimated uptake of ammonium (465 t yr(-1)) and nitrate (3.04 t yr(-1)) by the seagrass and associated epiphytes in the Adelaide region accounted for 31% of the ammonium and <1% of the nitrate that is currently discharged into the coastal waters. Environment Improvement Programs, such as the one implemented in 1996, may reduce the total nitrogen loads to 700 t yr(-1), possibly stemming further losses and facilitating recolonisation of new seagrass.     

Heavy metals contamination levels at the Coast of Aliağa (Turkey) ship recycling zone

Alia?a Bay is one of the most important maritime zones of Turkey where shipping activity, shipbreaking industry, steel works and petrochemical complexes exist together. Concentrations of heavy metals and organic carbon in sediment of the Alia?a Bay were investigated to evaluate an environmental risk assessment from metals contamination in 2009-2010. Comparison of the metal concentrations with average shale and Mediterranean background levels revealed that most of the samples from the Alia?a were polluted with Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni. It was found that Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni levels in Alia?a Bay exceeded the PEL values. Sediments, contaminated with Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni were considered as heavily polluted per the SQG.